THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


AN  OFFICIAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


EESOUKCES  OF  THE  STATE 


UP  TO  AND  INCLUDING  JANUARY  1, 1894. 


COMPILED  BY  J.  H.  PRICE,  SECRETARY  OF  STATE. 


OLYMPIA,  WASH.: 
O.  C.  WHITE,      -      -      -      STATE   PRINTER. 
.1894. 


THE  8TATE  OF  WASHIiNGTON. 


AN  OFnCIAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


RESOURCES  OE  THE  STATE 


\ 


N 


OLYMPIA,  AVASH.: 

O.  C.  WHITE,      -      -      -      STATE   I'KINTEU. 

1894. 


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State  of  Washington, 
Office  of  Secretary  of  State, 
Olympia,  Aug.  15,   1894. 

To  Hon.  John  H.  McGraw,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Washington: 

Sir  —  Since  my  incumbency  of  the  office  of  Secretary  of  the  State 
of  Washington,  I  have  been  the  recipient  of  many  letters  from  all 
over  the  United  States;  from  the  northern,  southern,  eastern  and 
middle  parts  of  our  country,  and  from  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
asking  for  information  respecting  the  State  of  Washington,  as  to 
its  soil,  climate,  products,  industries  and  general  advantages;  all 
with  a  view,  from  the  inquiries,  of  permanent  settlement  or  invest- 
ment. Finding  it  an  impossibility  to  make  answer  to  these  indi- 
vidual inquiries,  doing  justice  to  the  state  and  the  different  localities 
thereof,  I  have  deemed  it  expedient  and  highly  beneficial  to  the 
state,  to  prepare,  in  pamphlet  form,  a  clear,  concise  and  reliable 
statement,  embodying  practical  information  of  the  whole  state  and 
the  different  counties  therein.  I  herewith  present  to  your  Excel- 
lency the  said  pamphlet,  believing  that,  when  properly  distributed, 
it  will  be  of  incalculable  benefit  to  our  state. 

I  am,  very  respectfully, 

Jas.  H.  Price, 

Secretary  of  State. 


O      4  9  > 


WASHINGTON. 


The  State  of  Washington  embraces  an  area  of  69,994  square  miles, 
making  44,796,160  acres.  Prior  to  tlie  purchase  of  Alaska,  Wash- 
ington was  the  extreme  northwestern  territory  of  the  United  States. 
The  Straits  of  San  Juan  de  Fuca,  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  the  forty- 
ninth  parallel  north  latitude  divides  it  from  British  Columbia  on 
the  north;  the  eastern  boundary  is  the  State  of  Idaho;  the  southern 
boundary  is  the  Columbia  river  and  the  foi'ty-sixth  parallel  north, 
and  the  western  boundary  is  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  approximate 
area  of  Puget  Sound  and  mountain  ranges  unfit  for  cultivation  is 
9,269,160  acres,  which  leaves  35,500,000  acres  of  valuable  lands 
which  may  be  classed  as  follows:  Timber  lands,  20,000,000  acres; 
bottom  lands,  5,500,000  acres;  plains,  plateaus  and  prairies,  10,- 
000,000  acres.  Washington  is  divided  into  thirty-four  counties. 
The  Cascade  range  of  mountains  cuts  the  state  in  two  from  north 
to  south,  commencing  at  121°30'  west  from  Greenwich  and  44*^ 
west  from  Washington,  and  bearing  northeast  about  10°,  where  it 
enters  the  British  line.  There  are  fifteen  counties  on  the  east  slope 
of  the  Cascades,  which  are  almost  wholly  drained  by  the  Columbia 
river  and  its  tributaries.  This  part  of  the  state  is  commonly  known 
as  Eastern  Washington,  and  is  essentially  the  great  grain  and  stock 
raising  portion  of  the  state.  West  of  the  Cascades  are  located 
nineteen  counties  which  comprise  an  area  of  about  two-fifths  of  the 
state,  and  is  called  Western  Washington.  In  Western  Washing- 
ton are  located  the  great  fisheries  of  the  state.  The  immense  forests 
of  the  state  grow  principally  on  the  west  side.  Puget  Sound,  the 
largest  and  best  harbor  in  the  world,  is  a  principal  factor  in  the 
make-up  of  Western  Washington,  and  adds  largely  to  the  prosper- 
ity of  the  whole  state  on  account  of  the  shipping  facilities  it  offers 
to  ocean  traffic.  Two  lines  of  transcontinental  railroads  —  the 
Great  Northern  and  the  Northern  Pacific  —  traverse  the  state  from 
east  to  west,  with  terminals,  respectively,  at  Seattle  and  Tacoma, 
affording  to  the  grain  and  stock  producers  of  Eastern  Washington 


6  .  BE SOF-Rm'S'  QF  THB  'STATE  OF 


WASHINGTON. 


•  »  * 


easy  and   cheap  trausportation   to  deep  water,  and  thence  to  the 
markets  of  the  world. 

The  coal  and  valuable  mineral  deposits  are  about  equally  repre- 
sented on  either  side  of  the  Cascades,  as  is  also  the  fruit  growing 
industry.  The  climate  of  the  state  generally  is  mild  and  healthful. 
Educational  advantages  are  of  the  best  throughout  the  whole  state. 

The  following  digest  of  the  state  by  counties  will  give  to  the 
public  all  of  the  valuable  practical  information  that  may  be  desired 
by  any  who  are  looking  toward  Washington  for  homes  or  invest- 
ments. 

STATE  OFFICERS. 

State  oflScers  are  elected  for  a  term  of  four  years.      The  general 

state  election  occurs  the  first  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in 

November. 

Governor John  H.  McGraw. 

Lieutenant  Governor Frank  H.  Luce. 

Secretary  of  State Jas.  H.  Price. 

Treasurer OzRO  A.  Bowmen. 

Auditor Laban  R.  Grimes. 

Attorney  Gerieral William  C.  Jones. 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction C.  W.  Bean. 

Commissioner  of  Public  Lands W.  T.  Forrest. 

State  Printer O.  C.  White. 

state  land  commission. 

W.  T.  Forrest,  Chairman Olympia. 

T.  M.  Reed,  JR Seattle. 

E.  Bkainerd Seattle. 

Geo.  D.  Shannon Olympia. 

E.  D.  CowEN,  Secretary Olympia. 

UNITED   states   SENATOR   AND    REPRESENTATIVES. 

United  States  Senator Watson  C.  Squire. 

Representatives  in  Congress j  Wm.^H.  Doolittle. 

STATE  JUDICIARY. 
supreme  court. 
Chief  Justice  —  R.  O.  Dunbar,  Klickitat  county;  term  expires  1895. 
Associate  Justice  —  Elmon  Scott,  Whatcom  county;  term  expires  1899. 
Associate  Justice  —  T.  L.  Stiles,  Pierce  county;  term  expires  1895. 

Associate  Justice  —  T.  J.  Anders,  Walla  Walla  county;  term  expires 
1899. 

Associate  Justice  —  John  P.  Hoyt,  King  county;  term  expires  1897. 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  7 

LEGISLATURE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

The  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Washington  is  composed  of  112 
members  —  seventy-eight  members  of  the  House  and  thirty-four 
members  of  the  Senate.  The  Legislature  meets  biennially,  on  the 
second  Monday  in  January.  The  next  Legislature  meets  January 
14,  1895. 

STATE  INSTITUTIONS. 

Institutions.  County.  Location. 

1.  Capital Thurston  Olympia. 

2.  Hospital  for  the  Insane Pierce  Steilacoom. 

3.  Hospital  for  the  Insane Spokane Medical  Lake. 

4.  Penitentiary Walla  Walla Walla  Walla. 

5.  University King Seattle. 

6.  Agricultural  College Whitman Pullman. 

7.  Normal  School Kittitas Ellensburgh. 

8.  Normal  School Spokane Cheney. 

9.  Reform  School Lewis Chehalis. 

10.  School  for  Defective  Youth Clarke Vancouver. 

11.  Soldiers'  Home Pierce  Orting. 

12.  State  Fair Yakima North  Yakima. 


HEALTH  REPORT. 
The  following  table,  taken  from  the  report  of  Dr.  G.  S. 


Arm- 


strong, secretary  of  the  state  board  of  health,  will  speak  for  itself 
as  to  the  general  health  of  the  people  of  this  state: 


CAUSES   OF  DEATH. 


Consumption 

Still-born 

Pneumonia 

Heart  disease 

Old  age 

Diphtheria 

Cholera  infantum . 

Typhoid  fever 

Paralysis 

Cancer 

Convulsions 

Croup 

Diarrhcea 

Dropsy  

Enteritis 

Cephalitis 

Scarlet  fever 

Malarial  fever 

Dysentery 

Bronchitis 

Apoplexy 

Whooping  cough.. 


DEATHS  PER  1,000   FROM    KNOWN    CAUSES. 


Washington, 

Michiga/ii, 

United  Slates, 

1S93. 

1S86-90. 

1S80. 

90.9 

116.9 

126.8 

79.1 

60.1 

34.6 

64.5 

57.1 

87.6 

49.0 

53.8 

36.2 

12.4 

51.5 

19.7 

17.6 

51.4 

53.0 

35.9 

35.4 

34.7 

62.3 

31.7 

31.8 

28.6 

28.3 

19.3 

18.3 

24.6 

18.2 

15.4 

23.4 

24.8 

0.73 

22.5 

25.0 

8.0 

20.4 

15.0 

4.4 

19.9 

20.5 

12.4 

18.1 

17.6 

24.9 

18.0 

15.1 

34.4 

14.9 

22.8 

5.1 

9.2 

28.1 

2  2 

8.2 

18.7 

22.0 

7.9 

15.3 

8.8 

7.7 

13.4 

2.9 

7.2 

15.4 

8  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

WEATHER  REPORT. 

Mean  temperature,  taken  at  various  weather  bureaus  in  the  state 
for  nine  months,  commencing  January  1,  1893,  and  ending  Sep- 
tember 30,  1893: 

Mean  temp. 

Tatoosh,  Clallam  county 47.6 

Neah  Bay,  Clallam  county 49.5 

Port  Townseud,  Jefferson  county 49.3 

Monroe,  Kitsap  county 50. 3 

Seattle,  King  county 51. 9 

Tacoma,  Pierce  county ,50.5 

Olympia,  Thurston  county 46.6 

Aberdeen,  Chehalis  county 50.5 

Chehalis,  Lewis  county 50. 3 

East  Sound,  San  Juan  county 49.6 

Fort  Canby,  Pacific  county 49.I 

Union  City,  Mason  county 48.3 

Spokane,  Spokane  county 48.4 

Lyle,  Klickitat  county 43.9 

Fort  Simcoe,  Yakima  county 47.9 

Pomeroy,  Garfield  county ,53.7 

Chelan,  Okanogan  county 47.4 

Walla  Walla,  Walla  Walla  county  ,50.0 

Pullman,  Whitman  county 46.0 

Waterville,  Douglas  county 45.5 

Ellensburgh,  Kittitas  county 45.6 

The  above  figures  show  the  mean  temperature  from  twenty  dif- 
ferent counties  lying  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  and  giving  a  mean 
temperature  of  the  state  as  49°. 

FISH.  OYSTERS  AND  CLAMS. 

The  fishermen  were  paid  by  Washington  canneries  5  cents  per 
pound  for  salmon,  the  catch  amounting  to  6,'721,43.t  pounds,  mak- 
ing ^366,011.15  amount  paid;  average  weight  of  each  fish,  20 
pounds. 

The  Washington  fishermen  also  sold  to  Oregon  canneries  salmon 
to  the  amount  of  $150,000. 

The  value  of  the  spring  pack  for  1893  by  Washington  canneries 
was  ^790,432.50. 

The  fall  pack  was  small,  amounting  to  about  43,000  cases;  amount 
paid  fishermen  being  about  $35,000. 

Cold  storage  plants  and  fresh  fish  dealers  purchased  salmon  to 
the  value  of  $75,000,  making  total  amount  received  by  the  Wash- 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


9 


ington  fishermen  on  the  Columbia  river  for  the  present  year,  |626,- 
071.75. 

Gear  used  by  fishermen  on  the  Columbia  river  and  tributaries: 
400  pound  nets  and  fish  traps;  750  gill  nets  and  boats;  150  set  nets; 
10  seines;   3G  fish  wheels. 

Sturgeon  to  the  amount  of  3,358,000  pounds  and  caviar  amount- 
ing to  55,310  pounds  were  prepared  for  market,  valued  at  |52,- 
635.50;  and  125,000  was  received  from  fresh  fish  dealers  and  cold 
storage  companies. 

On  Willapa  Harbor  and  Gray's  Harbor,  the  catch  amounted  to 
about  208,500  salmon,  aggregating  2,429,245  pounds,  averaging  11 
pounds  per  fish,  in  the  catching  of  which  were  used  gear,  as  fol- 
lows: On  Willapa  Harbor,  22  pound  nets;  11  drift  nets;  26  set  nets. 
On  Gray's   Harbor,  53  drift  nets;  30  set  nets  and  6  pound  nets. 

The  amount  paid  fishermen  by  canneries  for  salmon  was  $23,439, 
while  fresh  and  salted  salmon  to  the  amount  of  $11,000  was  also 
sold  in  this  district. 

In  the  Puget  Sound  district  the  salmon  pack  is  three  times  greater 
than  that  of  1892;  the  total  salmon  pack  being  105,000  cases, 
valued  at  $269,000;   1,008,000  salmon  being  used. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number,  species,  pounds  and  prices 
of  fishes  caught: 


Species. 

No. 
caught. 

Pounds. 

Average 
price. 

Value. 

Sock8vc  salmon      

250,000 

650,000 

1,000,000 

50,000 

8,000 

75,000 

1.500,000 

3,900,000 

6.000,000 

400,000 

120,000 

750,000 

1,300,000 

500,000 

50,000 

40,000 

40,000 

50,000 

300,000. 

750,000 

500,000 

8c.  each. 

8c. 

2c. 
20c.       " 
30c.       " 

4c.       " 

2.Vc.  per  lb. 

2c.       " 

2c.       " 

7e.      " 

3c.      " 

2c.      " 

Ic.      " 

5c.      " 

^20,000 

Silver  salmon 

52,000 

Had  doc  salmon 

20,  (KK) 

10,000 

Quinaiilt  salmon    

2,400 

Fall  salmon 

3,000 

Halibut 

32,500 

Smelt.                                 

10,000 

Cod  

1,000 

2,H00 



1,200 

Lin^ 

Perch  and  flounders 

1,000 

3,000 

5,625 

Other  fish.                                       

2,500 

Total !. 

S167,0'25 

The  number  of  men  engaged  in  this  industry  in  this  district  is 
about  775. 

Oysters  and  clams  were  shipped  during  the  past  year  to  the  value 
of  $99,080. 

From  Willapa  Harbor  30,250  sacks  of  oysters  were  shipped,  and 
from  Puget  Sound,  18,989  sacks.      Oysters  sold  on   the  beds  of 


10  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

Willapa  Harbor  for  |1.50  per  sack  of  90  pounds;  and  on  Puget 
Sound  at  12.25  per  sack  weighing  from  100  to  115  pounds.  Ten 
thousand  sacks  of  clams  were  sold  in  this  district  at  $1  per  sack. 

Recapitulation  of  amounts  received  by  fishermen  of  this  state 
during  past  year: 

From  Columbia  river  salmon     . , $636,071  75 

From  Columbia  river  sturgeon 77,635  50 

From  Puget  Sound,  fish,  oysters,  etc ,. 321,705  00 

From  Willapa  and  Gray's  Harbor 89,814  00 

Total $1,106,226  25 

COAL  MINES  OF  THE  STATE. 

The  following  tables,  taken  from  the  reports  of  the  coal  mine  in- 
spectors of  the  state,  will  show  the  number  of  tons  of  coal  mined  in 
the  state  during  the  year  1893: 

FIRST    DISTRICT. 

Name  of  mine.  No.  of  torus. 

New  Castle 153,000 

Franklin 88,000 

Black   Diamond 137,442 

Denny 5,474 

Cedar  Mountain 

Oilman 121,378 

Grand  Ridge : 591 

Kangley 16,673 

Alta : 9,000 

Eureka  .' 800 

Navy 

Blue  Canyon 26,000 

Cokedale .  3,000 

Roslyn : 341,441 

Total 791,799 

David  Edmunds, 
Coal  Mine  Inspector,  First  District. 

SECOND    district. 
Name  of  mine.  ,  No.  of  tons. 

Carbon  Hill  Coal  Co 267,545 

Wilkeson  Coal  &  Coke  Co 77,546 

South  Prairie  Coal  Co 52,541 

Bucoda  Coal  Co 9,451 

Acme  Coal  Co 7,200 

Florence  Coal  Co 1,433 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


11 


Name  of  mine.  ^o.  of  <o»i«. 

Eureka  Coal  Co 1,000 

Ouimette  Coal  Co 345 

Total 417,051 

JosEi'iJ  James, 
Coal  Mine  In.spector,  Second  District. 

Total  output  for  1893,  1,208,850  tons. 

LIGHTHOUSES. 

The  Thirteenth  Lighthouse  District  of  the  United  States  extends 
from  the  southern  boundary  of  Oregon  to  British  Columbia,  thereby 
covering  the  Pacific  coast  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  Puget  Sound, 
Columbia  river  and  the  American  shores  and  waters  of  the  Straits 
of  San  Juan  de  Fuca  and  Washington  Sound. 

Inspector  for  the  Thirteenth  District,  Oscar  W.  Farenholt,  com- 
mander, United  States  navy,  corner  Third  and  Washington  streets, 
Portland,  Oregon. 

Engineer,  James  C.  Post,  major  of  engineers.  United  States 
army,  13  Fourth  street,  Portland,  Oregon. 

The  following  summary  will  show  the  lighthouse  stations  for 
the  Washington  division  of  the  Thirteenth  District: 


Nain,e. 


Cape  Disappointment. 

Willapa  Bay 

Destruction  Island 

Cape  Flattery 

Ediz  Hook 

New  Dungeness 

Smith  Island 

Admiralty  Head 

Point  Wilson 

Point  no  Point 

West  Point 


Location . 


Color  of  light. 


/  On    Cape    Disappointment,   mouth    of ) 
(     Columbia  river J 

Cape  Shoalwater 

Destruction  Island -i 

J  On  Tatoosh  Island,  one-half  mile  N.  W.  ) 
I     of  Cape  Flattery ) 

Ediz  Hook,  Straits  of  Fuca 

On  spit  of  that  name  in  Straits  of  Fuca.... 

In  Straits  of  Fuca i 

Whidby  Island 

Two  miles  N.  W.  of  Port  Townsend 

f  In  Sound,  4i  miles  south  of  entrance  to  I 
t     Hood's  Canal j 


/East  side  of  Sound, 
t     Seattle 


miles  N.  W.  of  I 


FSxed  white. 

Fixed  white. 

Flashing  white  every 
10  seconds. 

Fixed    white   with    a 
fixed  red  sector. 

Fixed  white. 

Fixed  white. 

Flashing  white  every 
30  seconds. 

Fixed  white. 

Fixed  white. 

Fixed  white. 

Flashing  red  and 
white  every  10  sees. 


12  EESOUBCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

SHIPPING. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  vessels  entered  and  cleared  for 
foreign  ports,  during  the  year  1893,  for  the  Puget  Sound  Collection 
District: 

Number  of  vessels  entered,  1,314;  tonnage,  "756, 415. 

Number  of  vessels  cleared,  1,335;  tonnage,  891,386. 

GAME  AND  GAME  BIRDS  OF  WASHINGTON. 

Our  large  game  consists  of  elk,  mule  deer,  Virginia  deer,  and  the 
black-tail  deer  of  the  Columbia.  Black  and  brown  bears  and  the 
"bald  face"  bear  of  the  Cascade  mountains.  The  latter  two  are 
varieties  of  the  grizzly.  Also  the  white  mountain  goat  and  a  few 
mountain  sheep,  or  big  horns,  the  habitat  of  which  will  be  men- 
tioned hereafter. 

The  home  of  the  elk  is  in  the  Olympic  mountains.  This  stately 
monarch  is  the  king  of  his  species,  and  the  pride  and  satisfaction 
which  thrills  the  nerves  of  the  successful  hunter,  in  his  capture,  is 
justifiable  and  excusable  when  not  degraded  by  the  spirit  of  slaugh- 
ter. 

The  mule  deer  stands  next  in  our  fields  to  the  elk  in  size,  grace 
and  magnificence.  His  home  is  the  mountains  of  Eastern  Wash- 
ington, unless  driven  down  by  the  cold  and  snows  of  winter,  when 
he  is  then  found  in  the  foothills  and  valleys. 

The  Virginia  or  white-tail  deer  is  only  found  in  brushy  bottom 
lands,  and  is  identical  with  his  eastern  cousin  in  size,  color  and 
general  characteristics. 

The  black-tail  deer  is  found  throughout  Western  Washington, 
and  is  a  frequenter  of  the  dense  brushy  jungles  of  the  Puget  Sound 
basin.  He  is  smaller  than  the  others,  and  more  easily  approached. 
His  flesh,  though  not  as  fat,  is  sweet  and  juicy,  and  when  the  hunter 
secures  one  by  still  hunting  in  the  black-tail's  bushy  home,  he  con- 
siders himself  exceedingly  lucky. 

The  white  goat  is  at  home  in  the  higher  portions  of  the  Cascade 
mountains  on  both  the  east  and  west  sides,  and  on  some  mountains 
are  quite  numerous.  They  are  evidently.admirers  of  "the  beautiful 
snow,"  and  the  hunter  who  secures  them  must  be  abundantly  en- 
dowed with  will,  wind  and  wisdom.  Their  flesh  does  not  improve 
by  age,  so  none  but  the  young  are  sought  for  food. 

Mountain  sheep,  or  big  horn,  are  not  often  found  within  the  lim- 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  13 

its  of  this  state.  There  are  a  few,  however,  east  of  Mount  Baker, 
near  the  north  boundary  between  Washington  and  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

No  moose  or  caribou  in  Washington. 

The  black  bear,  like  the  poor,  "we  have  with  us  always,"  and 
he  is  often  found  in  the  most  unexpected  places.  He  is  entirely 
harmless,  however,  unless  pushed  to  the  wall  when  wounded  by 
some  over-zealous  hunter,  who  then  is  apt  to  acquire  wisdom  at 
the  cost  of  clothes  and  cuticle.  The  brown  bear  and  bald-faced 
bear  are  more  frequently  found  in  the  mountainous  districts,  al- 
though the  former  often  frequents  the  low  lands.  These  are  said 
to  be  varieties  of  the  grizzly. 

Of  the  fur  bearing  animals  we  have  the  land  otter,  beaver,  fisher, 
mink,  martin,  muskrat,  wolverine,  coon  and  skunk. 

Of  the  cat  kind  ai'e  found  the  cougar,  lynx  and  wildcat. 

The  wolf  family  is  represented  by  the  lai'ge  gray  wolf,  black 
wolf  and  coyote  east  of  the  mountains. 

Our  upland  game  birds  are:  Blue  grouse,  ruffed  grouse,  sharp- 
tailed  grouse,  spruce  grouse,  sage  cock,  mountain  quail,  valley 
quail  and  bobwhite  or  Virginia  partridge;  also  the  band-tail  pigeon, 
turtledove  and  sand-hill  crane.  The  sage  cock  and  sharp-tailed 
grouse  are  found  on  the  open  plains  of  Eastern  Washington  and 
the  others  on  the  west  side  of  the  mountains. 

Water  fowl  of  all  kinds  are  here  in  arreat  abundance  during  the 
winter  months,  in  Western  Washington.  Among  them  are  the 
Canada  goose,  white-fronted  goose,  Arctic  goose,  Hntchins'  goose 
and  the  stately  swan.  Since  the  extensive  cultivation  of  wheat  in 
Eastern  Washington,  the  geese  are  there  in  the  fall  in  countless 
thousands.  The  Canada  geese  remain  there  through  the  winter. 
Of  ducks  we  have  the  mallard,  canvasback,  redhead,  green  wing 
teal,  gadwall,  widgeon,  sprig  tail,  blue  bill,  wood  duck,  spoon  bill 
and  butterball.  Also  a  great  variety  of  sea  ducks  not  used  on  the 
table,  and  only  killed  for  sport  or  specimens  for  mounting. 

Of  shore  or  marsh  birds  along  the  coast  there  are  the  Wilson 
snipe,  robin  or  redjbreasted  snipe,  yellow  legs  or  tattler,  Bertran's 
tattler  or  upland  plover,  pectoral  sandpiper,  turnstone,  whale  bird, 
Avoset's  golden  plover,  black-breasted  plover,  sickle-billed  curlew, 
Hudsonian  curlew,  Esquimaux  curlew,  willets  and  all  varieties  of 
sandpipers. 


14  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

The  Wilson  snipe,  yellow  leg  or  tattler,  upland  plover,  sand 
plover  or  killdee  and  the  sickle-billed  curlew  breed  on  the  east 
side  of  the  mountains,  but  are  not  found  there  in  the  winter.  On 
the  west  side  all  but  the  latter  remain  through  the  winter. 


COUNTIES  OF  WASHINGTON. 


INDUSTRIES,   SOIL,   PRODUCTS,   TIMBER,    MINERALS,   TAXABLE 
PROPERTY,  AREA,  POPULATION,  ETC. 


ADAMS  COUNTY 


Organized  November  28,  1883;  county  seat,  Ritzville;  area,  2,- 
400  square  miles;  population,  2,185.  It  is  chiefly  adapted  for 
pastoral  and  agricultural  pursuits.  It  is  separated  from  Whitman 
county  at  the  southeast  corner  by  the  Palouse  river.  The  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad  extends  through  the  county  from  the  southwest 
corner  to  the  northeast  corner,  affording  convenient  transportation 
for  farm  products.  It  is  especially  adapted  for  stock  raising,  bunch 
grass  growing  profusely  throughout  the  county.  The  winters  are 
mild  and  very  little  food  or  shelter  is  necessary  for  stock.  The  soil 
is  a  loose  ashey  loam,  and  is  very  productive.  The  rolling  uplands 
respond  to  the  touch  of  the  husbandman  with  abundant  harvests  of 
all  cereals,  especially  wheat,  which  yields  from  twenty-five  to  fifty 
bushels  per  acre.  The  land  is  easily  cultivated,  and  produces  well 
the  first  year,  sufiiciently,  in  most  instances,  to  pay  for  land  and 
tillage.  Artesian  wells  have  been  sunk  with  good  results.  Small 
fruits  and  vegetables  are  very  productive.  At  Ritzville  is  estab- 
lished a  large  flour,  chop  and  feed  mill. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $1,216,338  00 

Personal  property 320,256  00 

Railroad  stock  and  personal  property 95,681  00 

Railroad  track  —  Northern  Pacific,  57  miles  1,673 

feet  main  track,  and  3  miles  954  feet  side  track ; 

Oregon  Railway  &  Navigation  Company,  9 

miles  1,584  feet  main  track,  and  528  feet  side 

track 360.166  00 

(15) 


16  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

Number  of  horses 4,090  $80,239  00 

cattle 5,974  68,034  00 

sheep 4,406  8,817  00 

hogs 315  914  00 

wagons  aud  carriages 339  8,968  00 

Improvements  on  land  held  uuder  United  States 39,735  00 

Schools. 

Receipts  for  school  year,  from  all  sources 29,069  93 

Number  of  school  houses 25  17,960  00 

districts 28        

Total  school  property 22,148  00 

Number  school  children,  census  of  1893 823        

Number  of  children  enrolled  during  the  year 655        

Average  daily  attendance 428        

Number  of  teachers 35        

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 47  18 

female 43  59 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 671,219  00 

of  improved  land 41,920        

County  Seat. 
Ritzville  is  the  county  seat  of  Adams  county,  is  on  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  65  miles  southwest  of  Spokane.     Population, 
500.     Assessed  value  of  property,  $300,000. 


ASOTIN  COUNTY. 


Asotin  county  was  organized  October  27,  1883,  and  is  the  ex- 
treme southeastern  county  of  the  state.  Area,  nearly  600  square 
miles;  population,  1,712.  County  seat,  Asotin;  situate  at  the  junc- 
tion of  Asotin  creek  and  Snake  river.  It  is  without  railroad  facili- 
ties, but  steamers  on  the  Snake  river,  on  its  eastern  and  northern 
boundary,  connect  with  the  Union  Pacific  system  at  Riparia.  Irri- 
gation makes  farming  more  profitable,  and  where  tried  has  proven 
very  successful.  The  principal  industry  is  stock  raising.  Lum- 
bering is  carried  on  in  a  small  way  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
county,  where  timber  from  the  Blue  mountains  is  accessible  in  large 
quantities.  The  land  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  county  is  a 
rich    black   loam,  with   clay   subsoil,  and    covered   with   a   heavy 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  17 


158,827  00 

5,151 

98,395  00 

5,455 

66,879  00 

5,738 

11,478  00 

1,577 

5,034  00 

339 

10,878  00 

growth  of  pine,  fir  and   tamarack.      Further  north   the  soil   is  a 
black  loam  prairie. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Taxable  real  property $302-,849  00 

personal  property 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

'*  sheep 

"  hogs 

wagons  and  carriages 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 10,250  00 

Steamboats,  wharves  and  barges 24,200  00 

Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 31      

houses 16  9,785  00 

All  school  property 12,463  00 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 696     

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 109,232     

Number  acres  improved  land 27,079      

"      timber  land 128,000     


County  Seat. 
Asotin,  the  county  seat,  is  situate  on  the  Snake  river,  and  con- 
tains a  population  of  635. 


CHEHALIS   COUNTY. 


Chehalis  county  was  organized  April  14,  1854.  The  western 
border  is  upon  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  county  embraces  an  area  of 
about  2,600  square  miles,  and  has  a  population  of  9,797  (census 
1892).  The  Chehalis  river,  flowing  through  the  county  from  east 
to  west,  empties  into  Gray's  Harbor.  The  Hoquiam,  Wishkah 
and  Satsop  rivers  are  tributary  to  the  Chehalis,  the  Hoquiam  and 
Wishkah  rivers  being  navigable  streams.  The  Humptulips  river 
flows  into  Gray's  Harbor  from  the  north  side  and  Elk  river  from  the 
south  side.  These  streams  are  all  good  logging  streams  for  miles 
into  the  interior  of  the  county.  To  the  north  of  the  harbor  lies 
60,000  acres  of  prairie  land  which  is  good  grazing  for  stock.  The 
—8 


18  RESOURCES  OF  TEE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

harbor  is  easy  of  entrance  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  steamships 
and  sailing  vessels  constantly  come  and  go,  laden  with  merchandise 
and  lumber.  The  output  of  logs  for  189.3  was  72,700,000;  the 
lumber  and  shingles  cut  aggregating  over  100,000,000  feet.  Over 
520,000,000  feet  of  lumber  has  been  shipped  from  Chehalis  county, 
and  it  is  estimated  that  there  is  yet  tributary  to  the  waters  of  tl^e 
county  over  100,000,000,009  feet,  of  which  about  39,000,000,000 
feet  is  in  Chehalis  county.  There  are  a  number  of  fish  canneries 
in  the  county,  which  shipped  over  a  half  million  of  dollars  worth 
of  canned  salmon  in  1893.  Chehalis  county  has  sixteen  saw  mills 
and  eleven  shingle  mills. 

The  county  abounds  in  fertile  valleys  and  extensive  table  lands, 
upon  which  grow  and  thrive  all  kinds  of  grain,  vegetable  products 
and  fruits  of  all  varieties. 

Taxable  PROPERxr,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $7,801,663  00 

Personal  property : 1,009,342  00 

Railroad  personal  property  and  rolling  stock 41,735  00 

Railroad    track  —  Taeoma,    Olympia    &    Gray's 
Harbor,  64  miles  1,056  feet  main  trabk,  and 

3  miles  528  feet  side  track 362,200  00 

Number  of  horses 1,544  58,895  00 

cattle 5,350  83,190  00 

sheep 1,464  2,895  00 

hogs    , 1,297  3,515  00 

wagons  and  carriages 611  19,405  00 

Steamboats,  sailing  vessels,  etc 24,300  00 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 45,130  00 

Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 55 

houses 60         108,871  00 

"  graded  schools 7 

school  children,  census  1893 3,158        

teachers 103 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 58  99 

female 49  76 

County  Seat. 
Montesano  is  the  county  seat  of  Chehalis  county,  and  is  on  the 
Chehalis  river,  at  the  head  of  tide  water  navigation.      Population, 
census  1892,  1,240. 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  19 


CLARKE   COUNTY 


On  June  2*7,  1844,  the  provisional  government  of  Oregon  created 
the  "District  of  Vancouver,"  embracing  all  the  territory  west  of  the 
Rocky  mountains  and  north  of  the  Columbia  river  to  54°40'  north 
latitude.  December  22,  1845,  the  word  "county"  was  substituted 
for  "district."  At  the  session  of  the  Oregon  legislature,  1850-51, 
the  name  "Vancouver"  was  changed  to  "Clarke,"  in  honor  of 
General  William  Clarke,  associate  of  Captain  Meriwether  Lewis  in 
the  Lewis  and  Clarke  overland  explorations,  1804-5-6.  The  pres- 
ent area  of  Clarke  county  is  about  600  square  miles;  population, 
census  1892,  11,509.  The  Columbia  river,  flowing  westward  from 
Wallula,  turns  almost  due  north  from  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette, 
forming  the  south  and  west  boundaries  of  the  county,  making  about 
fifty  miles  of  water  boundary,  to  which  may  be  added  thirty  miles 
of  navigability  of  the  Lewis  river  for  river  steamers,  thus  affording 
eighty  miles  of  river  front,-  assuring  great  facilities  for  transporta- 
tion of  produce  to  market.  The  large  portion  of  the  county  is  level, 
but  approaching  the  foot  hills  of  the  Cascade  mountains  the  surface 
becomes  rolling  and  broken.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  open 
tracts  of  prairie  lands,  called  "plains,"  the  county  is  covered  with 
timber.  The  county  is  abundantly  watered  by  the  Columbia  and 
its  tributaries,  viz.,  the  north  and  south  forks  of  Lewis  river,  the 
Salmon,  La  Camas  and  Washougal.  There  are  large  stretches  of 
grain  producing  prairies  and  of  bunch  grass  land,  well  adapted  for 
grazing.  The  soil  differs  in  the  various  parts  of  the  county,  the 
Columbia  river  bottom  laud  is  of  rather  a  sandy  loam  and  very 
productive  of  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  is  remarkably  fine  pasture 
land.  The  upland  is  of  a  rich  dark  loam  and  is  especially  adapted 
to  potatoes,  wheat,  barley,  hops,  clover  and  prunes.  Clarke  county 
has  a  paper  mill,  estimated  investment,  $200,000;  school  for  deaf 
mutes  and  school  for  defective  youth;  also  thirteen  saw  mills,  with 
an  annual  output  of  -30,000,000  feet,  two  shingle  mills  and  three 
floui-ing  mills. 

Taxable  Pkopekty,  1893.  ,.  , 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $5,400,294  00 

Personal  property 704,549  00 

Railroad  track — Vancouver,  Klickitat  &  Yakima, 

12  miles;  Portland  &  Puget  Sound,  14  miles, 

3,220  feet 56,010  00 


20  RESOURCES   OF  TEE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

Number  of  horses 

"  cattle 

sheep  

hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Steamboats,  sailing  vessels,  etc 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States. 


Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 

public  schools 

Private  boarding  school  for  young  girls 

College 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 

"  "        enrolled  during  year. 

Average  daily  attendance  

Number  of  teachers 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female  ... 


3.272 
9,287 
1,534 
2,786 
1,030 

$130,880  00 

185,740  00 

3,068  00 

9,751  00 

36,420  00 

12,340  00 

12,030  00 

73 

71 

1 

1 

72,145  00 

4,482 

3,386 

2,252 

98 

43  55 

35  97 

Other  Statistics. 

Number  of  acres  of  land,  exclusive  of  town  lots..       253,022         

Average  value  of  land,  exclusive  of  improvem'ts 11  58 

Number  of  acres  of  improved  lands 31,000 

timber 268,500        

Average  standing,  feet  per  acre 19,000        

Number  of  feet  standing  timber 5,101,522,000  3,571,065  00 

County  Seat. 
Vancouver  is  the  county  seat  of  Clarke  county,  situated  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Columbia  river,  and  100  miles  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  the  census  of  1892  shows  a  population  of  5,000  inhabi- 
tants. 


COLUMBIA  COUNTY. 


Columbia  county  was  formed  from  a  part  of  Walla  Walla  county, 
November  11,  1875,  and  has  an  area  of  VOO  square  miles,  with  a 
population,  census  1892,  of  6,397.  There  are  over  100,000  acres 
of  land  in  Columbia  county  under  cultivation,  of  which  about 
70,000  are  in  wheat.  The  Snake  river  is  the  northern  bound- 
ary. The  character  of  the  soil  along  the  Snake  river  bottoms 
is  a  li.tJjbt,  sandy  loam,  growing  darker  toward  the  southern  end  of 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  21 

the  county  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Blue  mountains;  it  is  very  easily 
tilled,  and  does  not  need  irrigation.  The  average  yield  of  wheat 
is  25  bushels  per  acre;  barley,  40  bushels;  oats,  40  bushels;  corn, 
17  bushels;  potatoes,  200  bushels.  Fruits  and  vegetables  grow  in 
abundance.  Stock  raising  is  an  important  factor  in  the  county. 
The  timber  consists  of  pine,  spruce,  fir,  tamarack  and  balsam.  The 
lumber  product  is  about  two  and  a  quarter  million  feet  annually. 
The  county  has  three  sash  and  door  factories,  one  furniture  factory, 
three  broom  factories,  three  flouring  mills  with  chop  and  feed  mills 
attached,  four  chop  and  feed  mills  and  six  saw  mills.  A  branch  of 
the  Washington  &  Columbia  River  Railroad  extends  to  Dayton, 
and  a  Union  Pacific  branch  runs  to  Riparia,  on  the  Snake  river. 
These  railroads  connect  with  the  navigable  Snake  river,  and  afford 
unusual  facilities  for  transportation. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property',  except  railroad  track $5,400,230  00 

Personal  propertj' 843,190  00 

Railroad  rolliug  stock  and  personalty 33,070  00 

Railroad  track  —  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  50  miles 
1,425  feet  main  track,  and  8  miles  1,161  feet 
side  track;  Washington  &  Columbia  River, 
8  miles  950  feet  main  track,  and  1  mile  2,800 

feet  side  track 369,720  00 

Number  of  horses 7,386  221,580  00 

cattle 6,152  79,976  00 

sheep 5,315  10,630  00 

hogs 2,480  8,680  00 

"           wagons  and  carriages 1,073  34,440  00 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 29.385  00 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 49         

schools 52        

Total  school  property 70,636  50 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 2,497        

school  children  enrolled  during  year....  1,999        

Average  dailj'  attendance 1,311         

Number  of  teachers 82        

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 55  20 

female 44  45 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 251,448 

Number  acres  improved  land 114,509        

Acres  of  timber 192,000        


22  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

Average  standing,  feet  per  acre 11,000        

Average  stunipage  per  thousand  feet $1  00 

Number  of  feet  standing 2,112,000,000      2,112,000  00 

County  Seat. 
Dayton  is  the  county  seat  of  Columbia  county,  and  is  situated  on 
the  Touchet  river  at  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Dayton  branch  of 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  and  also  of  the  Washington  &  Columbia 
River  Railway.      Population,  last  census,  1,880. 


CLALLAM  COUNTY. 


Clallam  county  is  bordered  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
on  the  north  by  the  Straits  of  San  Juan  de  Fuca,  and  has  an  area  of 
2,050  square  miles.  It  is  largely  made  up  of  mountainous  sections 
densely  covered  with  timber,  with  small  fertile  valleys  between  the 
mountain  ranges.  Skirting  the  straits  from  its  eastern  boundary 
to  Port  Angeles  is  a  wide  belt  of  excellent  agricultural  land.  The 
Quillayute  Indian  reservation  is  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  county. 
The  Neah  Bay  agency  (Makah  tribe)  is  located  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  county,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Fnca. 
Clallam  county  was  organized  on  April  26,  1854.  Wheat,  oats, 
barley  and  hay  are  grown  with  great  success;  the  average  yield 
of  wheat  per  acre  being  30  bushels.  Fruits  of  all  kinds  are  grown 
in  abundance.  Potatoes  and  garden  stock  yield  immensely.  Clal- 
lam county  has  five  saw  mills,  with  an  annual  output  of  20,0000,000 
feet;  also  two  shingle  mills,  with  an  annual  output  of  24,000,000 

shingles. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Real  property 

Personal  property 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

sheep 

"  hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Improvemfents  on  laud  held  under  United  States. 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

houses 


Value. 

$2,400,294  00 

262,220  00 

672 

26,880  00 

1,804 

86,080  00 

1,176 

2,352  00 

616 

2,156  00 

272 

91,583  00 

27 

27 

RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  23 


Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 

,"       of  chikh-eu  enrolled  during  year. 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers , 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

"  female... 


$28,199  00 

1,494 

1,158 

730 

51 

49  G2 

45  58 

159,460 

4.727 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 

Number  acres  improved  land 

Steamboats,  sailing  vessels,  etc 1,910  00 

Acres  of  timber 1,004,000        

Average  standing  timber,  per  acre 35,000        

Average  stumpage  per  thousand  feet 50 

Number  feet  standing  timber 35,100,000,000  12,550.000  00 

County  Seat. 
Port  Angeles  is  the  county  seat  of  Clallam  county,  and  is  situate 
on  the  Straits  of  San  Juan  de  Fuca,  sixty  miles  from  the  ocean. 
Population,  last  census,  3,000.     Assessed  valuation,  |;2,000,000. 


COWLITZ  COUNTY. 


Cowlitz  county  was  organized  April  21,  1854.  It  was  originally 
a  part  of  Lewis  county.  It  has  an  area  of  1,100  square  miles,  and 
a  population  of  6,736.  The  chief  industries  are  farming,  lumbering, 
and  salmon  fishing  and  packing.  It  borders  on  the  Columbia  river, 
and  its  entire  length  north  and  south  is  traversed  by  the  Cowlitz 
river,  paralleled  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  The  soil  is 
varied  as  to  locality,  being  sandy  loam  mixed  with  vegetable  mould, 
beaver  dam  soil  and  shot  clay.  Wheat,  oats,  bai'ley,  hops,  hay  and 
all  kinds  of  vegetables  yield  immensely.  Fruit  is  very  productive. 
All  the  fruits  grown  anywhere  in  Washington  are  cultivated  with 
great  success.  The  soil  is  easily  worked  and  kept  clean,  and  is 
seldom  too  wet  to  work,  and  not  only  makes  good  farm  land,  but 
what  is  of  great  importance,  it  makes  good  roads  as  well.  Coal 
veins  have  been  discovered,  but  are  as  yet  undeveloped.  Near 
Kalama  there  is  an  extensive  ledge  of  granite. 

There  are  four  saw  mills  in  this  county,  with  an  annual  output 


24 


RESOURCES   OF  THE   STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 


of  12,000,000  feet  of  lumber.      Six  shingle  mills  produce  60,000,- 
000  shingles  yearly,  valued  at  $90,000. 


Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Real  property,  exclusive  of  railroad  tracks 

Personal  property 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 

Railroad  track  —  Northern  Pacific,  29  miles  1,056 
feet  main  track,  and  2  miles  2,710  feet  side 
track;  Ostrander,  3  miles  1,320  feet  main 
track,  and  1,760  feet  side  track;  Brock  Log- 
ging (narrow  gauge),  2  miles  2,540  feet;  An- 
chor Coal  and  Development  Company,  2 
miles;  Portland  &  Pnget  Sound,  27  miles  110 

feet 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

sheep 

hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States. 

Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 

"       houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 

enrolled  1893 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers \ 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female 


Value. 
$3,162,792  00 
453,124  00 
41,084  00 


221,784  00 

1,691 

67,640  00 

6,453 

109,701  00 

976 

1,952  00 

1,393 

4,876  00 

481 

13,853  00 

35,701  00 

55 

51 

31,485  00 

2,385 

1,959 

1,309 

76 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 318,585 

improved  land 9,549 

"      timber 521,460 

Average  standing,  feet  per  acre 20,000 

"        stumpage  per  thousand  feet 

Number  of  feet  standing  timber 10,429,200,000 


44  68 
38  11 


60 
6,257,520  00 


County  Seat. 

Kalaraa  is  the  county  seat  of  Cowlitz '  county,  situate   on  the 

Columbia  river  at  the  point  where  the  Northern  Pacific  trains  are 

transferred  across  the  river  by  means  of  a  large  transport,  built 

especially  for  that  purpose.    Population,  United  States  census,  325. 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  25 


DOUGLAS  COUNTY. 


The  county  of  Douglas  was  formed  by  the  territorial  legislature 
of  1883  by  cutting  off  the  western  portion  of  the  Big  Bend  plateau 
of  the  Columbia  river  from  the  county  of  Spokane.  At  the  time 
of  its  organization  the  county  had  not  to  exceed  150  people  within 
its  borders.  The  census  enumeration  of  1892  shows  a  population 
of  4,284. 

It  is  situated  in  the  central  portion  of  the  state,  is  120  by  60 
miles  in  area,  and  constitutes  what  is  known  as  the  "Big  Bend 
country,"  owing  to  the  fact  that  it  is  cii'cled  about  on  the  north, 
west  and  south  by  the  Columbia  river. 

The  southern  portion  is  flat  and  sandy,  and  at  present  is  utilized 
for  stock  range  only.  The  northern  half  is  rolling  bunch  grass 
prairie  of  a  loamy  soil  with  clay  subsoil  —  similar  to  the  soil  of  the 
Palouse  and  Walla  Walla  countries.  Wheat,  oats,  barley  and  rye 
are  sure  crops,  and  vegetables  of  every  description  do  extra  well. 
The  yield  of  wheat  is  from  20  to  35  bushels  per  acre,  according  to 
the  season  and  character  of  cultivation.  Apples,  pears,  plums, 
prunes  and  small  fruits  yield  well,  and  are  free  from  pests.  Along 
the  Columbia  river  peaches,  grapes,  etc.,  reach  the  highest  degree 
of  perfection. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  salubrious.  The  winters  are  from  ten 
to  fourteen  weeks  in  length.  Considerable  snow  falls,  but  exces- 
sive cold,  high  winds  and  tornadoes  are  unknown. 

The  principal  settlement  is  in  the  vicinity  of  Waterville,  the 
county  seat  and  principal  town,  and  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
county  east  of  Grand  Coulee.  There  is  yet  much  good  land  subject 
to  homestead  entry  east  and  northeast  of  Waterville,  and  also  some 
in  the  vicinity  of  Grand  Coulee.  Patented  land,  improved  and  uu- . 
improved,  can  be  bought  at  from  $5  to  $20  per  acre,  according  to 
locality  and  degree  of  improvement. 

Transi:)ortation  is  furnished  to  eastern  Douglas  county  by  a 
branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  The  Great  Northern  Rail- 
way passes  through  the  southern  half  of  the  county,  crossing  the 
Columbia  river  near  Rock  Island.  The  grain  raising  region  around 
Waterville  reaches  the  Great  Northern  by  boat  via  the  Columbia. 

In  this  county  are  located  two  flouring  mills,  five  saw  mills  and 
three  shingle  mills. 


26 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


Taxable  Property,  1898. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track 

Personal  property 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 

Railroad  track  —  Great  Northern  Railway,  72 
miles  686  feet  main  ti'ack,  and  3  miles  4,171 
feet  side  track;  Northern  Pacific  (Central 
Washington),  19  miles  3,640  feet  main  track, 

and  1  mile  3,931  feet  side  track 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

"  sheep 

hogs  ..  

Wagons  and  carriages 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States.. 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"  "         houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 

Number  of  children  enrolled  during  year 

Average  dailj'  attendance 

Number  of  teachers 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

"  female 


Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 

"      of  land  improved 


Value. 
$1,575,161  00 
569,441  00 
69,484  00 


497,370  00 

10,183 

203,660  00 

9,425 

122,525  00 

2,166 

4,332  00 

762 

2,667  00 

829 

25,730  00 

44,754  00 

38 

27 

35,450  00 

1,169 

957 

561 

58 

718,408 
46,429 


47  01 
41  37 


County  Seat. 

Waterville,  the  county  seat,  is  in  the  northern  portion  of  the 
county,  within  the  Big  Bend,  about  six  miles  east  of  the  Columbia 
river.      Population,  census  1800,  538. 

At  Waterville  is  located  one  of  the  United  States  land  offices  for 
this  state. 


FRANKLIN  COUNTY. 


The  county  of  Franklin  was  organized  November  27,  1883.  It 
has  an  area  of  1,000  square  miles  and  a  population  of  693.  It  is 
enclosed  within  the  confluence  of  the  Snake  and  Columbia  rivers, 
Pasco  being  its  county  seat,  at  the  junction  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  county.     The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  enters  the  county  at 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  27 

Pasco  and  runs  directly  north,  dividing  the  county  into  nearly  equal 
parts.  The  chief  industry  is  stock  raising.  The  soil  is  sandy  and 
covered  with  sage  brush,  with  occasional  intervals  of  bunch  grass 
fit  for  pasturage,  but  the  county  is  treeless  and  may  be  termed 
desert  land.  Irrigation  will,  however,  reclaim  the  land  and  make 
it  extremely  productive.  Along  the  river  banks,  peaches,  grapes  and 
the  small  fruits  are  successfully  raised.  Alfalfa,  vegetables,  wheat 
and  oats  are  also  raised. 

Taxable  Property,  1898. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $504,219  00 

Personal  property 193,288  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 97,226  00 

Railroad  track — Northern  Pacific,  46  miles  728  feet 
main  track,  and  6  miles  4,074  feet  side  track; 
Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation,  28  miles  3,278 

feet  main  track,  and  2  miles  208  feet  side  track 414,894  00 

Number  of  horses  3,197  68,940  00 

cattle 1,062  12,744  00 

sheep 1,800  3,600  00 

hogs 58  203  00 

"          wagons  and  carriages 49  982  00 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 4    

school  houses 4    

Total  school  property 4,205  00 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 97    

"         enrolled  during  year 94    

Average  daily  attendance 66    

Number  of  teachers 6    

Average  monthly  compensation,  males 70  00 

females 50  00 

Othek  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  excluding  town  lots 410,390     

Steamboats,  etc • 375  00 

County  Seat. 
Pasco  is  the  county  seat  of  Franklin  county,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers  (both  navigable),  and  where  the 
Northern  Pacific  crosses  the  Columbia  river.      Population,  census 

1892,  500. 


28  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


GARFIELD  COUNTY. 


Set  off  from  Columbia  county  at  the  session  of  the  territorial 
legislature  of  1881.  Area,  650  square  miles;  population,  3,573. 
Farming,  fruit  growing  and  stock  raising  are  the  chief  industries. 
Garfield  county  has  two  flouring  and  three  saw  mills,  and,  in  pro- 
portion to  area,  is  one  of  the  best  settled  and  most  productive 
counties  in  the  state.  It  is  the  hub  of  the  famous  Palouse  wheat 
belt;  its  cultivated  area  yielding  from  25  to  60  bushels  of  wheat  and 
a  proportionate  number  of  bushels  of  oats  per  acre,  the  soil  being 
equally  adapted  to  either  product.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  easily 
tilled. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track 

Personal  property 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 

Railroad  track  — Union  Pacific,  16  miles  264  feet 

main  track,  and  1  mile  2,323  feet  side  track .... 

Number  of  horses 

"  cattle 

sheep  

"  hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States.. 


Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 

houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 

children  enrolled  during  year 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female.... 


Value. 

$1,173,298  00 
403,872  00 

9,718  00 

88,117  00 

6,817 
6,517 
7,473 
1,994 

824 

136,340  00 

78,204  00 

14,946  00 

6,979  00 

19,300  00 

4,735  00 

37 

36 

38,456  00 

1.524 

1,272 

804 

37 

49  00 

42  30 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  land  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots.. ..-..'. 343,146 

"     improved 94,569 

Number  of  acres  of  timber 71,680 

Average  standing,  feet  per  acre 11,000 

stumpage  per  thousand  feet 

Number  of  feet  standing  timber 788,481,000 


1  00 

788,481  00 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  29 

County  Seat. 
The   county  seat   of   Gaitield  county   is   Pomeroy,   situated   on 
Pataha  creek,  and  is  the  terminus  of  the  Pomeroy  branch  of  the 
Union  Pacific  Railroad.      Population,  1,200. 


ISLAND    COUNTY. 


Island  county  was  organized  by  the  Oregon  legislature  January 
6,  1853.  It  is  constituted  of  the  Islands  of  Whidby  and  Camano, 
hence  its  name.  It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Straits  of  Fuca, 
and  surrounded  by  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound.  Whidby  Island 
contains  115,000  acres;  Camano  Island  contains  30,000  acres; 
population  1,790.  Camano  Island  is  almost  entirely  heavily  tim- 
bered with  fir,  hemlock,  cedar,  spruce  and  alder.  The  greater 
portion  of  Whidby  Island  is  timbered  with  the  same  varieties.  The 
remainder  of  the  county  is  prairie  and  swamp  lands,  producing 
wheat,  barley,  oats,  hay,  fruit  and  garden  vegetables.  The  yield 
of  apples,  prunes,  wheat,  oats,  hay  and  vegetables  is  very  great. 

Two  saw  mills  are  located  in  this  county,  with  an  annual  output 
of  3,000,000  feet  of  lumber. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Vahie. 

Real  property $1,083,658  00 

Personal  property' 191,280  00 

Number  of  horses 503  25,100  00 

cattle  899  17.980  00 

sheep 1.069  2,138  00 

hogs 393  1,376  00 

wagons  and  carriages 202  6,165  00 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 1,800  00 

Number  of  acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots..       101,871 

improved 6,846        

Steamboats,  etc 94,055  00 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 12 


houses  12 

Total  value  school  property 6,169  00 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 452 

enrolled  for  1893 351        

Average  daily  attendance 242 


30  RESOUEGES  OF  TEE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

Number  of  teachers 16 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female 

Other  Statistics. 

Number  of  acres  of  timber 

Average  standing,  feet  per  acre 

stumpage  per  thousand  feet 

Number  of  feet  standing  timber 1,892,154 

County  Seat. 
Coupeville  is  the  county  seat  of  Island  county,  and  is  situated  on 
the  east  side  of  Whidby  Island,  sixty  miles  northwest  of  Seattle.     It 
was  settled  in  1852  by  Capt.  Thomas  Coupe,  for  whom  it  is  named. 
The  population,  United  States  census  1890,  was  5.13. 


$50  00 

43  75 

86,007 

32,000 

1,892,154 

50 

946,077  00 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 


Jefferson  county  was  established  by  the  Oregon  legislature  De- 
cember 22,  1852.  Has  an  area  of  2,000  square  miles,  and  a  popu- 
lation of  7,500.  Its  shore  line  on  the  Straits  of  Sau  Juan  de  Fuca 
and  Admiralty  Inlet  embraces  the  bays  or  harbors  respectively 
named  Port  Townsend,  Port  Discovery  and  Port  Ludlow.  Its 
western  boundary  borders  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  has  1,280,000 
acres,  of  which  nearly  nine-tenths  are  mountainous  and  covered 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  fir,  spruce,  hemlock,  cedar  and  Alaska 
cedar.  At  the  head  of  Port  Townsend  bay  is  located  a  United 
States  military  post.  Fort  Townsend.  The  resources  of  the  county 
are  timber,  iron,  coal  and  fish.  Deposits  of  bog  iron  in  the  county 
are  said  to  be  inexhaustible.  Where  cultivated,  grain,  fruits  and 
vegetables  yield  extremely  well. 

Deposits  of  bog  iron  at  and  around  Port  Iladlock,  at  the  head  of 
Port  Townsend  Bay,  are  well  nigh  inexhaustible.  Large  iron  works 
and  a  smelter  are  established  at  this  point.  At  Port  Townsend  are 
extensive  nail  works  and  a  foundry.  Jefferson  county  has  five  saw 
mills,  with  an  annual  output  of  40,000,000  feet  of  lumber. 

Taxable  Property,  1894.  vaiue. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $3,921,637  00 

Personal  property 662,218  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 9,900  00 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  31 

Railroad  track  —  Port   Townsend    Southern,  28 
miles  main  track,  and  1,240  feet  side  track... 

Number  of  horses 

"  cattle 

"  sheep 

hogs  

Wagous  and  carriages 

Steamships  and  vessels 

Improvements  on  land  held  uuder  United  States  . 


$126,422  00 

496 

19,840  00 

1,458 

24,786  00 

29 

58  00 

204 

714  00 

262 

7.839  00 

' 

102,110  00 

12,245  00 

18 

18 

142,716  00 

1,166 

922 

581 

38 

Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 

"         houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 

Number  of  children  enrolled  during  year 

Average  dail}'  attendance 

Number  of  teachers 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 64  77 

female 52  61 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 134,799        

"      improved 2,514        , 

"      of  timber 1,152,000        

Average  feet  standing  timber  per  acre 27,500        

"        stumpage  per  thousand  feet 50 

Number  of  feet  standing  timber 31,640,000,000  15,820,000  00 

County  Seat. 
Port  Townsend  is  the  county  seat  of  Jefferson  county,  and  the 
port  of  entry  of  the  collection  district  of  Puget  Sound.     Is  the  site 
of  the  United  States  marine  hospital  for  the  district.      Port  Town- 
send  has  a  population  of  4,500. 


KING  COUNTY. 


King  county  was  created  by  act  of  the  Oregon  legislature  on 
the  22d  of  December,  1852,  the  county  of  Pierce  being  created  at 
the  same  time.  Franklin  Pierce  and  William  Rufus  King  the 
month  before  were  elected  president  and  vice  president  of  the 
United  States.  The  news  had  just  arrived  at  the  Oregon  capital, 
and  the  legislators  of  the  party  in  power  determined  at  once  to 


32  RESOURCES  OF  TEE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

further  honor  these  distinguished  men  by  bestowing  their  names 
upon  the  two  new  far-away  counties. 

Timber. 
King  county  contains  an  area  of  about  2,000  square  miles, 
adapted  in  the  highest  degree  to  the  purposes  of  man.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  land  is  heavily  wooded  with  fir,  cedar,  spruce,  hem- 
lock, maple,  alder,  and  other  varieties  of  valuable  timber.  Market- 
ing this  timber  has  long  been  one  of  the  chief  resources  of  the  people. 
Puget  Sound  fir  is  also  a  superior  timber,  and  is  extensively 
used  abroad  for  spars,  bridges  and  railroad  cars,  where  length  and 
strength  are  required.  The  hemlock  of  Puget  Sound  is  not  only 
abundant,  but  is  rich  in  tanic  acid  almost  beyond  credence. 

Coal. 
Six  million  tons  of  coal  have  been  mined  in  King  county,  and  the 
annual  product  is  about  500,000  tons.  The  character  is  lignite, 
bituminous  and  semi-bituminous.  It  is  excellent  for  domestic  pur- 
poses, and  for  making  steam.  Coking  coals  abound,  but  are  as  yet 
but  little  used.  Shipments  by  sea  and  by  rail  to  other  parts  of  the 
state,  to  California  and  elsewhere,  amount  to  300,000  tons  a  year. 

Iron. 
Vast  deposits  of  iron  ore  have  been  discovered  in  King  county, 
chiefly  in  the  Snoqualmie  and  Skykomish  districts.  The  ores  are 
of  the  richest,  averaging  nearly  70  per  cent,  pure  iron.  Their  de- 
velopement  has  not  yet  begun,  but  promises  to  begin  at  an  early 
date.  With  it  will  spring  up  immense  industries  of  various  kinds, 
encouraged  as  they  will  additionally  be  by  cheap  fuel,  water  power, 
fine  timber,  choice  locations,  home  market,  accessibility  by  land 
and  water,  and  other  reasons  no  less  cogent. 

Clays. 
The  clays  of  the  county  have  proven  fii-st-class.  No  better  sewer 
pipes  are  made  anywhere.  Fine  bricks  have  been  sent  to  the  east- 
ern states  for  use  in  fine  buildings.  Vitrified  and  fire  bricks  are 
made;  also  tiles  and  lawn  decorations,  as  well  as  the  more  common 
house  bricks.  This  line  of  industry  has  had  great  development 
during  the  past  four  years. 

Agriculture. 

Three  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land  may  be  said  to  be  agricul- 
tural, though  not  more  than  one-twentieth  of  that  number  are  under 
cultivation. 


& 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  33 

Railroads. 
Five  companies  own  278  miles  of  railway  in  the  county. 

Fisheries. 

The  fisheries  are  considerable;  the  people  of  the  county  having 
greater  interests  in  that  direction  than  any  other  in  the  state. 
They  include  vessels  in  the  North  Pacific  seal  fishery,  salmon  can- 
ning, sending  fresh  fish  to  the  east,  and  fish  drying.  Halibut  are 
extensively  handled,  also  herring,  smelt,  cod,  and  other  varieties. 
Oysters,  clams,  crabs  and  shrimp  abound  in  the  sound,  and  are  al- 
ready a  great  featui'e  of  the  fishing  trade,  and  one  destined  to  in- 
crease indefinitely  in  the  future.  Lobsters  have  been  planted  of 
late  years,  and  are  expected  to  multiply  and  thrive. 

Important  Interests. 

Other  industries  and  interests  in  King  county  include  ship  build- 
ing and  repairing,  brewing,  iron  and  brass  foundries,  machine 
shops,  shoemaking  and  general  manufacturing.  Gold,  silver,  lead, 
gypsum,  marble,  granite  and  other  materials  are  found. 

General  Information. 

King  county  is  at  the  center  of  Puget  Sound,  in  the  heart  of  the 
State  of  "Washington.  It  is  favored  geographically  and  topographic- 
ally, naturally  and  by  man.  The  only  two  railroads  crossing  the 
Cascade  mountains  do  so  over  routes  and  passes  within  her  borders, 
and  the  third  road  is  pointing  at  a  pass  between  the  two  now  occu- 
pied. The  county  is  possessed  of  a  grand  system  of  waterways, 
including  a  long  frontage  on  Puget  Sound,  beautiful  lakes  and  navi- 
gable rivers.  The  climate  is  wholesome  and  pleasant.  It  varies, 
of  course,  as  one  is  near  to  or  removed  from  the  mountains.  At 
the  county  seat  the  average  rainfall  is  forty  odd  inches  per  annum, 
and  the  temperature  ranges  from  20  to  90  degrees.  There  are 
probably  not  more  than  thirty  days  in  the  year  when  the  ther- 
mometer gets  below  30  or  above  80,  and  not  more  than  sixty  days 
when  it  gets  below  40  or  above  75. 

Taxable  Property,  1898. 

Valv«. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $44,542,710  00 

Personal  property 6,771,127  GO 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 127.639  00 

—3 


34 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 


Railroad  track  —  Columbia  &  Puget  Sound,  511 
miles  310  feet  main  track,  and  10  miles  side 
track;  Northei'n  Pacific  &  Puget  Sound  Sliore, 
25  miles  1,055  feet  main  track,  and  9  miles 
1,790  feet  side  track;  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  & 
Eastern,  64  miles  4,224  feet  main  track,  and  20 
miles  2,112  feet  side  track;  Seattle  &  Mon- 
tana, 15  miles  686  feet  main  track,  and  3  miles 
5,174  feet  side  track;  Seattle  Railway  &  Ele- 
vator Company,  4  miles  main  track,  and  3, - 
583  feet  side  track;  Nortliern  Pacific,  48  miles 
1,056  feet  main  track,  and  5  miles  2,640  feet 
side  track;  Green  River  &  Northern,  10  miles 
2,112  feet  main  track,  and  1  mile  4,224  feet 
side  track;  Seattle  Belt  Line,  22  miles  4,065 
feet  main  track,  and  2  miles  892  feet  side  track; 
Great  Noi'thern,  36  miles  4,858  feet  main 
track,  and  1  mile  4,435  feet  side  track 

Cable,  motor  and  electric  railways 

Telegraph,  telephone  and  electric  lines 

Gas  and  water  mains 

Steamboats,  sailing  vessels,  etc 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States.. 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

sheep  

"  hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 


Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 

"       houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 

Number  of  children  enrolled  during  year.. 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers  employed 

Average  monthlj''  compensation,  male 

"  "  female 


$1,541,575  00 

423,400  00 

34,790  00 

43,500  00 

155,430  00 

211,180  00 

3,367 
6.412 
2,635 
1,267 

235,690  00 

128,240  00 

5,270  00 

4,435  00 

86,120  00 

112 

123 

16,831 

1,135,859  00 

11,563 

8,034 

328 

62  10 

50  00 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  e.xclusive  of  town  lots 474,415        

Number  acres  improved  land 30,554 

Acres  timber 879,600        

Average  standing,  feet  per  acre 23,000        

Average  stumpage  per  thousand  feet 70 

Number  of  feet  standing 20,230,800,000  14,161,560  00 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  35 

County  Seat. 
Seattle  is  the  county  seat  of  King  county,  and  fronts  upon  Elli- 
ott Bay  in  Puget  Sound.  It  is  encircled  in  the  rear  by  lakes  Wash- 
ington and  Union.  Terms  of  United  States  circuit  and  district 
court  are  held  at  Seattle.  It  has  a  population,  census  1892,  of 
58,890. 


KITSAP  COUNTY. 


Kitsap  county  was  organized  January  16,  1857  with  the  name  of 
Slaughter  county,  named  after  Lieut.  William  A.  Slaughter,  U.  S. 
army,  who  was  killed  December  4,  1855,  by  Indians.  The  voters 
of  the  county  were  afterwards  authorized  by  the  law  to  select  a 
permanent  name,  which  they  did,  selecting  the  name  of  Kitsap, 
name  of  the  Indian  chief  of  the  jjeninsula,  one  of  the  ablest  leaders 
of  the  hostiles,  and  to  whom  is  attributed  the  killing  of  the  gallant 
Slaughter.  The  county  is  constituted  of  the  peninsula  between 
Hood's  Canal  and  Admiralty  Inlet,  and  includes  Bainbridge  and 
Blake's  Islands,  with  fifty  miles  shore  line  on  Hood's  Canal  and 
eighty  miles  on  Admiralty  Inlet.  It  has  an  area  of  400  square  miles 
and  a  population  of  5,144.  The  chief  industry  is  lumbering,  the 
greater  portion  of  the  county  being  heavily  timbered.  It  has 
within  its  limits  a  number  of  large  saw  mills,  of  which  two,  Port 
Gamble  and  Port  Blakely,  are  among  the  largest  on  the  coast. 
The  soil  of  the  county  is  marsh  and  peat  bottom,  clay  upland  and 
shot  clay.  The  products  of  the  county  are  hay,  wheat,  barley,  oats, 
potatoes,  apples,  pears  and  all  kinds  of  small  fruits. 

Taxable  Property.  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property    $1,944,993  00 

Personal  i)roperty  613,727  00 

Steamboats,  sailing  vessels,  etc 290,490  00 

Number  of  horses 191  7,640  00 

cattle 035  12,700  00 

sheep  30  60  00 

hogs 182  637  00 

wagons  and  caiTiages  90  2,335  00 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 40       

school  houses 32       


36  RESOURCES   OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 

"       of  children  enrolled  during  year 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers  employed,  1893 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

"  "  "  female 


$27,803  80 

1,643 

1,059 

697 

50 

49  85 

42  08 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 188,786       

Number  acres  improved  land 4,910       

Number  of  acres  standing  timber 192,000       

feet          "              "        3,840.000,000  1,920,000  00 

County  Seat. 

Sidney  is  the  county  seat  of  Kitsap  county  and  is  seventeen  miles 
southwest  of  Seattle,  across  the  Sound.  Has  a  population,  United 
States  census  1890,  of  579. 

Just  across  Port  Orchard  Bay,  one  and  one-half  miles  from  Sid- 
ney, is  the  site  selected  for  the  United  States  naval  station  on  Puget 
Sound.  Work  has  been  progressing  here  for  over  two  years  and  is 
still  being  carried  on  with  vigor.  It  is  expected  that  the  station 
will  be  completed  in  five  years  from  date  of  commencement. 


KITTITAS  COUNTY. 


Kittitas  county  was  established  November  24,  1883.  It  lies  near 
the  geographic  center  of  the  state.  The  Columbia  river  forms  its 
eastern  boundary;  the  Cascade  mountains  bound  it  on  the  west;  it 
has  a  population  of  8,006,  and  an  ai'ea  of  3,000  square  miles.  Kit- 
titas county  contains  an  immense  area  of  fine  grazing  lands,  vast 
forests  of  good,  merchantable  timber,  natural  hay  meadows,  mineral 
wealth  and  valuable  deposits  of  coal  and  iron.  The  principal  crops 
are  wheat,  oats,  barley,  alfalfa  and  garden  products.  Plums,  pears 
and  apples  are  the  best  yielding  fruit  jjroducts,  but  cherries  and  the 
small  fruits  do  well.  The  county  is  traversed  on  the  east  side  by 
the  Great  Northern  Railroad,  with  a  mileage  of  53  miles,  and 
through  the  center  runs  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  from  the 
north  to  the  south,  a  distance  of  78  miles.  Kittitas  county  has  fif- 
teen sawmills  and  three  shingle  mills. 


RESOURCES  OF   THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


37 


Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track 

Personal  propertj' 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 

Railroad  tracks  —  Gi'eat  Northern,  51  miles  4,598 
feet  main  track,  and  2  miles  4,593  feet  side 
track;  Northern  Pacific,  78  miles  3.168  feet 
main   track,   and   12   miles    3,630    feet    side 

track 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

"  sheep 

"  hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 

"        enrolled  during  year.. 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers  employed,  1893 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female 


Value. 

$3,096,749  00 

1.145,086  00 

106,535  00 


724,490  00 

5,150 

154,680  00 

7,537 

105,518  00 

22,353 

44.706  00 

2,142 

7,497  00 

1.005 

37,447  00 

42 
37 


2,751 

2,121 

1,318 

43 


83,991  25 


59  44 
46  55 


Other  Statistics. 

Number  of  acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots..       513,124        

improved  land 41,156        

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 39,905  00 

Number  of  acres  standing  timber 1,280,000 

feet  standing  timber 25,600,000,000  15,360,000  00 

County  Seat. 
EUensburgh,  the  county  seat  of  Kittitas  county,  is  situated  on 
the  Yakima  river  and  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
The   State  Normal   School   is   located   here.      Population,   United 
States  census  1892,  2,400. 


KLICKITAT  COUNTY. 


Klickitat  county  was  organized  December  20,  1859.  It  has  an 
area  of  2,200  square  miles  and  a  population  of  5,258.  The  southern 
and  eastern  boundary  is  the  Columbia  river,  which  borders  Klicki- 
tat county  for  a  distance  of  100  miles.      Numerous  streams  flow 


38  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 


through  the  county  into  the  Columbia  river,  the  valleys  of  which 
are  very  fertile.  Stock  raising  is  the  prevailing  industry.  Along 
the  Columbia  is  a  large  amount  of  fertile  lands,  req[uiring  irriga- 
tion, where  hay  and  grain  are  grown  with  splendid  success.  Toward 
the  mountains  and  upon  the  foot  hills  a  vast  stock  range  exists,  and 
upon  which  vast  herds  of  cattle  and  horses  are  pastured  winter  and 
summer.  Quantities  of  coal  are  found  in  this  county.  The  north 
and  western  parts  are  principally  covered  with  timber  —  red  fir, 
yellow  and  black  pine,  hemlock,  spruce  and  tamarack.  Fruit  of  all 
vai-ieties  —  apples,  pears,  prunes,  plums,  apricots,  peaches,  grapes, 
cherries  and  crab  apples  —  do  remarkably  well  in  this  county;  also, 
all  of  the  smaller  fruits  and  berries.  Klickitat  county  has  three 
flouring  mills,  ten  saw  mills  and  five  shingle  mills. 


Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Real  property 

Personal  property 

Number  of  horses 

"  cattle 

"  sheep 

hogs 

wagons  and  carriages 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States.. 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"  "      houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 

enrolled  dux'ing  3'ear 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers  employed 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female 


Value. 


.5 

^1,197,560  00 

602,965  00 

9,602 

192,040  00 

8,774 

105,228  00 

61,188 

122,376  00 

5,855 

20,493  00 

1,274 

37,825  00 

69,527  00 

55 

49 

21,430  00 

2,175 

1,680 

1,022 

70 

39  45 

38  19 

Other  Statistics. 
Number  of  acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots,       452,089 

"     improved  laud 43,472        

"      timber 602,080        

feet  standing  timber 12,041,600,000      6,020,800  00 

County  Seat. 
Goldendale  is  the  county  seat  of  Klickitat  county,  and  was  settled 
in  1874.     It  is  located  on  Little  Klickitat  river.     Population,  1,900. 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  39 


LEWIS  COUNTY. 


Lewis  is  one  of  the  two  oldest  organized  counties  in  Western  Wash- 
ington, being  organized  by  the  provisional  government  of  Oregon, 
December  21,  1845.  It  lies  about  midway  between  Paget  Sound 
and  the  Columbia  river.  Its  navigable  waters  are  the  Cowlitz 
river,  having  for  its  source  the  eternal  snows  of  Mt.  St.  Helens,  and 
fipwing  through  the  south  part  of  the  county  to  the  Columbia  river, 
and  the  Chehalis  river,  whose  headwaters  are  in  the  Coast  range  to 
the  southwest,  and  which  empties  into  Gray's  Harbor  on  the  west. 
The  topography  of  the  county  is  that  of  an  undulated  valley  be- 
tween the  Cascade  and  the  Coast  ranges,  abundantly  watered  with 
numerous  rivers  and  living  springs.  The  greater  portion  of  the 
land  was  originally  covered  with  timber  such  as  is  common  on  the 
northwest  coast,  valuable  in  itself,  and  now"  worth  about  as  much 
per  acre  as  land  in  the  highest  cultivation.  The  total  area  of  the 
county  is  about  2,000  square  miles,  upwards  of  -50,000  acres  of 
which  was  originally  prairie  land,  distributed  in  various  portions 
of  the  county.  Along  the  Cowlitz,  Newaukum  and  Chehalis  rivers 
and  their  tributaries  the  rich  bottom  land  has  beeu  cleared  off  until 
the  land  available  for  agriculture  has  been  greatly  increased.  In 
miles  the  width  of  the  county  is  about  30,  the  length,  100.  Popu- 
lation, 1*7,000. 

Among  the  great  resources  of  Lewds  county  are  lumbering,  dairy- 
ing and  fruit  raising.  In  1890  the  cut  of  lumber  by  the  Lewis 
county  mills  was  116,500,000  feet.  According  to  reliable  estimates 
the  number  of  acres  of  standing  timber  in  Lewis  county  is  1,413,- 
600;  number  of  feet  standing,  30,392,400,000;  stumpage  value, 
115,196,000.  According  to  the  1890  census  figures,  Lewis  county 
alone  has  more  standing  timber  than  either  of  .the  entire  states  of 
Michigan  or  Wisconsin,  and  almost  twice  as  much  timber  as  Min- 
nesota, Michigan,  Pennsylvania,  Maine  and  New  York  combined. 

Lewis  county's  prospects,  from  a  mineral  standpoint,  are  very 
bright  also.  Bituminous  coal  is  found  in  abundance  in  nearly 
every  part  of  the  county,  while  in  the  upper  Cowlitz  valley  anthra- 
cite has  been  found  and  development  work  is  every  day  revealing 
to  the  owners  of  the  mine  its  great  richness.  Considerable  gold 
and  silver  prospecting  is  being  done  continually  in  Lewis  county 


40  BE  SOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

on  Green  liver  and  Mineral  creek,  and  in  other  parts,  with  very  en- 
couraging reports. 

In  the  production  of  certain  kinds  of  standard  fruit  Lewis  county 
fully  equals  the  best  fruit  regions  in  quantity  and  quality  produced. 
Prunes  of  several  varieties,  including  French.  German,  Gross  and 
Silver,  have  been  grown  here  for  several  years  with  marked  success. 
Pears  of  all  varieties  thrive.  The  fruit  grows  large  and  of  excel- 
lent quality.  Cherries  do  remarkably  well.  Apples  are  produced 
in  abundance.  Strawberries  and  other  berries  are  in  their  element. 
Judging  from  the  number  of  acres  already  planted  and  the  ne.w 
orchards  proposed,  fruit  growing  bids  fair  to  become  one  of  the 
greatest  and  most  profitable  industries  in  the  county. 

Lewis  county  has  three  flouring  mills,  sixteen  saw  mills  and  fif- 
teen shingle  mills. 

The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  traverses  the  county  from  north 
to  south,  affording  the  best  of  market  facilities.  The  farming  pro- 
ductions of  the  county  are  wheat,  oats,  barley,  hops,  and  all  kinds 
of  vegetables. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  ti'ack $6,214,498  00 

Personal  property 698,008  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 41,344  00 

Railroad  track —Northern  Pacific,  28  miles  3,640 
feet  main  track,  and  4  miles  39  feet  side 
track;  Tacoma,  Olympia  &  Gi'ay's  Harbor,  3 
miles  4,752  feet  main  track,  and  1  mile  1,056 
feet  side  track;  Yakima  &  Pacific  Coast,  26 
miles  2,640  feet  main  track,  and  3  miles  3,168 
feet  side  track;  Tacoma,  Olympia  &  Chehalis 

Valley,  2  miles  5,000  feet 358,051  00 

Number  of  horses 2,123  84,920  00 

cattle 6,160         104,720  00 

sheep 1,520  3,040  00 

hogs 2,320  8,130  00 

"  wagons  and  carriages  750  19,193  00 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 32,976  00 

Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts , 87        

houses 78        

Total  school  property 81,506  00 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 5,206        

enrolled  during  year 3,938        

Average  daily  attendance 2,668        


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  41 

Number  of  teachers 135        

Average  monthly  compensation,  male $45  20 

"  "  female 39  43 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 506,033        

improved  land 25,674        

County  Seat. 
Chehalis  is  the  county  seat,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Che- 
halis  and  Newaukura  rivers,  on  line  of  Northern  Pacific  Railroad, 
and  thirty-three  miles  distant  from  Olympia.      Population,  1,818. 


LINCOLN    COUNTY 


Lincoln  county  was  organized  November  24,  1883.  It  has  an 
area  of  2,200  square  miles  and  a  population  of  9,540.  It  is  located 
within  the  Big  Bend  of  the  Columbia.  The  plains  are  covered  with 
bunch  grass  and  are  covered  with  large  herds  of  stock.  When 
irrigated  this  land  will  yield  immense  crops.  Wheat,  oats,  rye  and 
barley  make  good  crops  in  the  bottom  lands.  Large  crops  of  hay 
are  raised  in  this  county.  A  fine  marble  quarry  is  located  near 
Fort  Spokane.  In  the  county  are  five  flouring  mills,  twelve  saw 
mills,  three  shingle  mills  and  one  sash  and  door  factory. 

A  few  years  ago  that  part  of  Lincoln  county  known  as  the  "Big 

Bend"  was  considered  strictly  a  stock  country,  with  only  a  few 

scattered  valleys  fit  for  agricultural  purposes.     During  the  past  few 

years  great  changes  have  taken  place,  and  the  "Big  Bend"  stands 

to-day  unrivaled  as  the  finest  wheat  producing  land  in  the  State  of 

Washington.      Taking  a  section  of  the  country  thirty  miles  square, 

with  the  town  of  Wilbur  in  the  center,  it  is  estimated  that  about 

one-sixth  of  it,  or   9(),000  acres,  was   under  cultivation   last   year 

(1893).      As  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  following  amount  of 

grain  was  threshed  within  this  territory  last  year:  Wheat,  780,000 

bushels;   oats,  130,000  bushels;    barley,  65,000  bushels,  and  rye, 

4,000  bushels. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $4,066,255  00 

Personal  property 1,279,177  00 


42 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 


Rolling  stock  and  railroad  personalty  

Railroad  track — Northern  Pacific,  16  miles  2,640 
feet  main  track,  and  5  miles  1,058  feet  side 
track;  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern,  21  miles 
4,752  feet  main  track,  and  2,791  feet  side  track; 
Central  Washington,  66  miles  528  feet  main 
track,  and  4  miles  1,564  feet  side  track;  Great 
Northern,  63  miles  3,799  feet  main  track,  and 

6  miles  5,016  feet  side  track 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

"  sheep   

''  hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"  "      houses 

Total  school  propert.y 

Number  of  school  children 

children  enrolled  during  year 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachei's  employed,  1893 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female  


$167,775  00 


Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 963,833 

Number  of  acres  improved  land 306,980 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 

Number  of  acres  of  timber 140,800 

feet  of  standing  timber 985,600,000 


936,544  00 

17,131 

15,413 

7,443 

1,927 

1,650 

96 

445,406  00 
154,130  00 

14,886  00 
7,370  00 

50,765  00 

85 

70,378  00 

3,233 
2,607 

1,574 

156 

47  35 

45  94 

71,135  00 
788,480  00 


County  Seat. 
Sprague  is  the  county  seat  of  Lincoln  county,  situate  on  the  main 
line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  and  forty-one  miles  south- 
west from  Spokane.      Population,  United  States  census  of    1890, 
1,(J89. 


MASON  COUNTY 


Mason  county  was  organized  March  13,  1854,  and  was  named 
after  the  first  secretary  of  the  territory. 

Mason  county  covers  the  southwestern  arms  of  Paget  Sound,  its 
main  industry  being  lumbering,  but  stock  raising,  hay,  vegetables, 
oysters  and   fruit  are  also  sources  of    considerable  profit  to  the 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.         .43 

county.  The  assessed  valuation  of  real  estate  and  improvements 
for  1893  was  $1,498,777;  personal  property,  -ii<l  10,000;  railroad 
track,  $123,878. 

In  timber  the  chief  merchantable  i)roduct  is  fir,  although  fine 
cedar  and  all  kinds  of  hard  woods  abound  in  all  sections,  but  there 
is  little  present  demand  for  the  latter.  Three  sawmills  are  located 
in  the  county,  supplying  the  local  demand. 

Lumbering  in  1893. 

Mason  county  produced,  during  1893,  101,920,770  feet  of  logs, 
valued  at  1560,564.  The  price  was  low,  averaging  from  $4.50  up- 
ward, according  to  the  extra  length  or  quality  of  the  timber. 

Thetotal  product  of  1891  was  87,400,000  feet,  valued  at  $568,105; 
1892,  105,143,527  feet,  valued  at  $669,302.50.  The  value  of  the 
1893  product  is  based  on  $5.50  per  thousand,  and  that  of  former 
years  at  $6. 

Three  large  railroad  concerns  are  devoted  chiefiy  to  logging  pur- 
poses. The  Washington  Southern,  20  miles  long,  and  the  Shel- 
ton  Southwestern,  14  miles  long,  with  termini  at  Shelton;  the 
Puget  Sound  &,  Gray's  Harbor  Railroad,  28  miles,  terminating  at 
New  Kamilcbie.  Another  railroad,  the  Union  River  Logging  Rail- 
road, at  the  head  of  Hood's  Canal,  owned  by  the  Puget  Mill  Co., 
has  not  been  operated  for  the  past  four  years,  the  company  finding 
it  cheaper  to  buy  outside  logs,  saving  their  timber  and  operating 

expenses.  , 

Farming. 

Hay  is  the  largest  crop  raised  by  the  farmers,  large  amounts  being 
consumed  by  the  logging  camps  of  the  county,  as  are  also  potatoes 
and  other  root  crops,  for  which  the  soil  is  most  suitable  and  produces 
heavy  crops.  Hay  cuts  from  two  to  four  tons  to  the  acre,  two  crops 
a  season,  and  some  of  the  heaviest  potato  crops  on  record  have  been 
produced  in  this  section.  The  attention  of  the  farmers  is  being- 
directed  to  fruit  growing,  and  large  increases  of  acreage  are  made 
each  year.  Of  large  and  small  fruits,  enough  to  supply  all  local 
demand  and  considerable  for  shipment  is  produced,  but  the  latter 
is  unsatisfactory  in  its  results,  and  canneries  will  be  introduced  by 
another  year. 

The  bottom  lauds  and  those  of  the  middle  class  produce  heavily 
of  any  crop,  but  the  upper  lands  are  generally  not  of  much  value 
except  for  fruit  trees,  but  in  favored  localities,  and  where  there  is 
not  too  much  gravel  all  crops  suitable  for  dry  lands  can  be  raised 


44:  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

with  good  results.  Wherever  fruit  is  grown  in  this  section  it  is 
generally  necessary  to  thin  out  to  prevent  overbearing  or  injury  to 
the  trees.  Little  attention  has  been  paid  to  old  orchards,  and, 
while  producing  heavily,  the  crop  is  not  always  satisfactory,  but 
the  newer  orchards,  just  coming  into  bearing,  will  bring  Mason 
county  to  the  front  for  fine  fruit. 

Oysters. 

Oyster  Bay  produces  the  famous  bivalve  known  to  the  trade  as 
the  "Olympia  oyster,"  the  weekly  shipment  averaging  200  sacks, 
at  about  $2.50  per  sack.  Several  other  bays  also  furnish  oysters 
in  merchantable  quantities.  Clams  and  all  kinds  of  fish  are  found 
in  the  salt  waters.  Mason  county  is  a  well  known  sporting  sec- 
tion; its  lakes  and  sti'eams  abound  in  fine  trout,  and  its  woods  with 
game  of  all  kinds,  all  convenient  of  access. 

Coal,  iron,  tin  and  copper  veins  have  been  found,  and  gold  and 
silver,  but  nothing  in  paying  quantities  has  yet  been  found.  A  mine 
of  high  grade  hematite  iron  ore  is  being  worked  in  the  Olympic 
mountains,  near  Lake  Cushman. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  exclusive  of  railroad  track $1,546,262  00 

Personal  property 190,760  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 45.630  00 

Railroad  track  — Washington  Southern,  13  miles 
2,000  feet  niain  track,  and  1  mile  2,475  feet 
side  track;  Shelton  Southwestern,  9  miles 
1,920  feet;  Puget  Sound  ct  Gray's  Harbor,  21 
miles  2,640  feet  main  track,  and  2  miles  side 
track;    Northern   Pacitic.   1    mile   1,056   feet 

main  track,  and  516  feet  side  track 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

sheep  

"  hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"  "       houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 

"  "       enrolled  during  year 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers  employed,  1893 


166,270  00 

.520 

26,000  00 

1.832 

30,974  00 

226 

452  00 

320 

1,120  00 

175 

4,730  00 

28 

22 

24,123  00 

896 

597 

376 

37 

RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  45 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male $49  96 

female 49  89 

Otheu  Statistics. 

Number  of  acres  of  timber 4()(),8fl0        

feet  standing  timber 12,441,600,000      7,464,960  00 

County  Seat. 
Shelton  is  the  county  seat  of  Mason  county,  and  lies  twenty-two 
miles  northwest  of  Olympia,  on  Puget  Sound.      Population,  648. 


OKANOGAN  COUNTY. 


Okanogan  county  was  organized  February  2,  1888,  and  has  an 
area  of  7,644  square  miles,  population  2,5'78.  About  one-third  of 
the  area  of  the  county  is  within  the  Colville  Indian  reservation. 
Its  mines  are  its  greatest  source  of  wealth,  and  mining  is  its  chief 
industry.  There  is,  however,  a  large  quantity  of  valuable  timber 
in  this  county,  and  for  stock  raising  it  cannot  be  surpassed  in  the 
state.  Wherever  tried  the  land  has  produced  good  crops  of  wheat, 
oats  and  barley,  while  vegetables  give  large  returns.  The  finest 
varieties  of  fruit  do  well,  and  all  small  fruits  and  berries  yield 
abundantly.  In  every  valley  there  is  evidence  of  mineral  wealth. 
On  the  Twisp,  a  branch  of  the  Methow  river,  a  field  of  coal  out- 
crops for  a  distance  of  five  miles.  The  formation  is  sandstone, 
with  shale  lying  between  the  veins.  Its  character  is  semi-anthra- 
cite, and  it  cokes  freely. 

Okanogan  county  has  ten  saw  mills  with  an  annual  output  of  10,- 
000,000  feet  of  lumber. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track •. $392,53.")  00 

Personal  property 548,039  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 11,090  00 

Railroad  track  —  Great  jSTorthern,  17  miles  3,696 
feet  main   track,  and  1  mile  2,428  feet  side 

track 96,904  00 

Number  of  horses 4,981  149,430  00 

cattle 6,244  87,416  00 

sheep. 605  1,210  00 

hogs 210  735  00 


46  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

Number  of  wagons  and  carriages 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States.. 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"  houses  

Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1803 

'■  enrolled  during  year 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 61  50 

female 55  50 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots , 73,209 

"      improved  land 3,367        

"      of  timber 4,500,000        

Number  feet  standing  timber 22,500,000  18,000  00 

County  Seat. 
Conconully  is  the  county  seat,  situated  on  Salmon  creek,  eighty 
miles  west  of  Coulee  City.      Population,  232. 


586 

$18,710  00 
103,520  00 

23 

.15 

18,561  00 

751 

401 

271 

19 

PACIFIC  COUNTY. 


Pacific  county  was  established  by  the  legislature  of  Oregon,  Feb- 
ruary 4,  1851,  and  has  an  area  of  875  square  miles.  Population, 
census  1892,  5,179.  It  is  the  extreme  southwest  county  of  the 
state.  Bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  on  the  south 
by  the  Columbia  river.  The  soil  of  this  county  is  very  fertile,  and 
adapted  to  farming,  fruit  growing  and  dairy  farming.  Its  proxim- 
ity to  the  Pacific  Ocean  gives  this  locality  a  warm  and  salubrious 
climate.  Winter  is  only  known  as  the  wet  season.  Long  Beach 
and  North  Cove  are  well  known  as  healthful  summer  resorts. 
Among  its  natural  resources,  timber  takes  the  lead.  Great  forests 
of  fir,  spruce  and  cedar  cover  the  hills  and  contribute  largely  to  its 
wealth. 

Pacific  county  has  six  saw  mills,  with  an  annual  output  of  40,- 
000,000  feet  of  lumber. 

The  fisheries  of  this  county  are  of  considerable  importance. 
Large  beds   of   oysters   lay  in   sheltered    parts   of   Willapa    Bay, 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHING 


and  these  oysters  are  noted  for  their  fine  flavor.  The  salmon  fish- 
eries also  play  an  iiuportant  part  in  the  product  of  the  county. 
Coal  has  been  found  in  considerable  quantity  in  the  Willapa  valley. 
The  shipping  facilities  are  good.  A  good  harbor,  opening  in  from 
the  sea,  in  nearly  the  center  of  the  county,  enables  vessels  to  come 
in  and  carry  away  exports;  the  Columbia  river  on  one  side,  where 
boats  are  continually  plying,  and  the  Yakima  &,  Pacific  Coast  Rail- 
way, with  its  terminus  at  South  Bend,  all  combine  to  give  this 
county  excellent  transportation. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  propert^^  except  railroad  track $2,101,189  00 

Personal  property 598,114  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 73,100  OU 

Raili'oad  track  —  Yakima  &  Pacific  Coast,  30 
miles  528  feet  main  track,  and  3  miles  1,584 
feet  side  track;  Ihvaco  Railway  &  Navigation, 
16  miles  main  track,  and  4,000  feet  side  track. 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

"        sheep 

"         hogs 

"        wagons  and  cai'riages 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  UnU,ed  States 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"  "       houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 

Number  enrolled  during  year 

Avei'age  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachei's  employed 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 54  QQ 

female 44  20 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 222,855 

Number  acres  improved  land 4,300 

acres  standing  timber 414,720 

feet  standing  timber .....12,532,200,000      6,266,000  00 

County  Seat. 
South  Bend  is  the  county  seat  of  Pacific  county,  eighteen  miles 
from  the  ocean  and  on  the  Willapa  river,  terminus  of  branch  line 
of   the  Northern  Pacific   railroad.      Estimated    population,  2,500. 


223,586  00 

585 

20,475  00 

3,044 

51,748  00 

464 

928  00 

176 

616  00 

126 

5,700  on 

9,055  00 

37 

35 

54,180  00 

1,531 

1,185 

797 

55 

48  RESOURCES  OF  TEE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


PIERCE  COUNTY. 


The  first  permanent  settlement  by  white  men  in  the  Paget  Sound 
basin  was  made  within  what  is  now  Pierce  county.  The  settlement 
was  made  by  Lieutenant  Kittson,  of  the  British  Voltigeurs  (on 
leave),  then  acting  as  a  clerk  for  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  who 
erected  Fort  Nisqually.  Pierce  county  was  established  by  the 
Oregon  legislature  December  22,  1852.  It  has  an  area  of  1,800 
square  miles.      Population,  state  census  1892,  67,675. 

Lumbering. 
A  large  proportion  of  Pierce  county  is  covered  with  timber, 
which  is  an  immense  source  of  revenue  to  the  county.  There  are 
in  this  county  seventeen  large  saw  mills,  which  have  an  annual 
output  of  about  1:56,000,000  feet  of  lumber.  The  output  for  1893 
was  137,975,769  feet  of  lumber  and  28,363,800  laths,  which  had  a 
market  value  of  $2,276,134.  Beside  this  large  lumbering  industry. 
Pierce  county  has  eighteen  shingle  mills  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  red  cedar  shingles,  the  output  of  which  was,  in  1893,  166,528,090 
shingles,  and  which  had  a  market  value  of  $249,792, 

I^rs. 
Pierce  county  has  a  large  area  of  rich  agricultural  lands  in  its 
river  valleys  and  bottoms.     The  greatest  industry  in  these  valleys 
is  that  of  hop  raising.     The  number  of  acres  in  hops  is  about  4,000, 
which  produced,  in  1893,  14,000  bales. 

Coal. 
In  this  county  are  practically  inexhaustible  coal  deposits.  Num- 
bers of  coal  veins  are  opened  and  producing,  and  improvements  and 
developments  are  constantly  being  made  on  new  veins.  The  aver- 
age annual  output  from  Pierce  county  coal  mines  ending  January 
1,  1892,  for  the  five  years  preceding,  was  267,459  tons.  In  1893 
the  output  from  the  Carbon  Hill  mines  was  267,545  tons;  from  the 
Wilkeson  mines,  77,546  tons,  and  from  the  South  Prairie  mines, 
52,541,  making  an  output  from  the  county  for  1893  of  397,632  tons. 
The  character  of  the  coal  is  bituminous  and  semi-bituminous,  mak- 
ing 66  to  68  per  cent.  coke. 

Iron. 

The  iron  ores  of  Pierce  county  are  as  yet  in  an  undeveloped  state, 
though  vast  deposits  are  known  to  exist. 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  49 

Railroads. 
Pierce  county  has  three  lines  of  railroad,  aggregating  1G4  miles. 

Fisheries. 
The  fishing   industry  is  one  of  considerable   importance,  large 
numbers  of  boats  and  men  being  employed  in  this  direction.      The 
product   of    1893    reaching    $200,000.      Salmon,  halibut,  herring, 
smelt,  cod,  oysters  and  clams  are  handled  largely. 

Quarries. 

There  are  extensive  quarries  of  sandstone  and  granite  in  Pierce 
county.  At  Wilkeson  is  an  extensive  quarry  of  sandstone,  varying 
from  dark  gray  to  yellowish  gray,  and  is  a  superior  stone.  Excel- 
lent paving  stone  and  large  beds  of  valuable  clays  are  found  within 
thirty  miles  of  Tacoma. 

Shipping  Interests. 

The  shipping  interests  of  Pierce  county  cannot  be  better  shown 
than  by  the  following  lists  of  exports  during  1893:  Wheat,  value, 
$2,295,615;  flour,  value,  |i536,598;  lumber,  value,  $684,274;  lath, 
value,  130,969;  other  timber  products,  value,  $35,814;  coal,  value, 
$1,1*79,524;  salmon,  value,  $l'79,37l;  miscellaneous,  value,  $900,- 
000.  Total  value  of  exports,  $5,802,165.  A  line  of  steamers 
owned  and  operated  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  ply  between 
Tacoma  and  ports  in  China. 

Important  Interests. 
Many  kinds   of    manufacturing    establishments   are    located    in 
Pierce  county.      Machine  shops  are  here;  iron  and  brass  factories; 
boot  and  shoe  making  is  carried  on  extensively;    ship  building, 
brewing,  etc. 

The  Washington  State  Soldiers'  Home  for  honorably  discharged 
union  soldiers,  sailors  and  marines,  and  for  members  of  the  state 
militia  disabled  while  serving  the  state,  is  located  at  Orting. 

Tacoma,  the  county  seat,  is  one  of  the  sub-ports  of  entry  for 
Puget  Sound  district. 

Taxable  Property,  1893.  vaiue 

Real  property,  exclusive  of  railroad  track $39,671,694  00 

Personal  property 6,586,874  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 347,885  00 

Railroad  track  —  Northern  Pacific,  97  miles  3,168 
feet  main  track,  51  miles  4,079  feet  side  track; 
Tacoma  tt  Lake  Cit}',  10  miles  3,696  feet; 
Tacoma  &  Eastern,  6  miles 701,557  00 


50 


RESOUEGES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


Cable,  horse,  motor  and  electric  railways 

Steamboats,  sailing  vessels,  etc 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States. 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

sheep 

"         hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Telegraph,  telephone  and  electric  lines 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"       houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  children  enrolled  during  year 

"  school  children,  census  1893    

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers  employed 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

"  "  female  ....„ 


$186,425  00 

90,000  00 

110,600  00 

4,110 

287,700  00 

6,530 

130,600  00 

4,285 

8,570  00 

1,600 

5,310  00 

3,115 

137,060  00 

64,300  00 

81 

99 

861,025  00 

9,152 

12,697 

6,306 

377 

64  69 
49  00 


Other  Statistics. 

Number  of  acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots..       440,623        

"     improved 23,000        

"     timber 668,400        

feet  standing  timber 15,205,100,000  10,643,570  00 

The  Tacoma  Smelting  and  Refining  Company,  located  at  Tacoma, 
render  a  statement  of  the  smelter  output  for  1893,  as  follows: 


No. 
bars. 

Total 
weight. 

No.  oz. 
gold. 

No.  oz. 
silver. 

No.  U)s. 
lead. 

Value. 

Pay  roll. 

Totals 

45,571 

4,772,293 

17,852.39 

484,949.22 

4,737,674 

$911,597  62 

175,652  46 

County  Seat. 
Tacoma  is  the  county  seat  of  Pierce  county,  and  is  the  western 
terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacitic  Railroad,  and  fronts  upon  Com- 
mencement Bay,  Puget  Sound.     The  population,  census  1892,  was 
47,241. 


SAN  JUAN  COUNTY. 


San  Juan  was  organized  October  31,  1873,  and  has  an  area  of 
500  square  miles;  population,  census  1892,  2,139.  This  county 
lies  in  the  extreme  northwestern  portion  of  the  state,  and  consists 
of  the  Islands  of  San  -Juan,  Orcas,  Lopez,  Decatur,  Blakely,  Johns, 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  51 


Stewart,  Spiedeu,  Flat  Top,  and  numbers  of  smaller  islands  —  one 
hundred  and  sixty-two  in  ali^ — ^and  embracing  what  is  known  as 
the  Archipelago  de  Haro.  The  Island  of  San  Juan,  the  largest  of 
the  group,  is  fourteen  miles  long  by  six  in  width,  and  contains  im- 
mense deposits  of  lime  rock  of  superior  quality,  where  thousands 
of  barrels  of  lime  are  manufactured  annually  for  the  markets  of 
the  Pacific  Coast.  These  islands  are  well  adapted  to  grazing,  and 
there  is  a  fair  proportion  of  good  agricultural  land,  made  up  of 
bottom  lands,  marshes  and  fern  prairies. 

Sheep  raising  and  farming  are  successfully  pursued.  Apples, 
pears,  plums,  prunes,  cherries  and  the  small  fruits  produce  abun- 
dantly. 

There  are  three  saw  mills  in  this  county  which  produce  4,000,000 
feet  of  lumber  yearly. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Real  property 

Personal  property 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

"  sheep 

"  hogs 

wagons  and  carriages 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States.. 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"  "         houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 

"        school  children  enrolled  during  year 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers  employed 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 46  25 

female 43  30 

Other  Statistics. 
Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 75,137 

"      improved  land 7,352        

"      timber 45,000        

Number  of  feet  standing 900,000,000        540,000  00 

County  Seat. 
Friday  Harbor  is  the  county  seat  of  San  Juan  county,  on  San 
Juan  Island,  with  a  population,  United  States  census  1892,  of  400. 


Vcdue. 

$873,109  00 

153,054 

00 

601 

30,050  00 

926 

18,520 

00 

4,621 

9,242 

00 

430 

1,332 

00 

242 

6,010  00 

15,955 

00 

21 

16 

12,012 

00 

849 

610 

391 

27 

52  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


SKAGIT  COUNTY. 


^f 


Skagit  county  was  organized  November  28,  1883,  and  has  an  area 
of  1,800  square  miles.  Its  population  is  8,860.  Has  a  frontage 
on  Puget  Sound  of  24  miles,  and  includes  the  Islands  of  Fidalgo 
and  Guemes.  The  county  is  drained  by  the  Skagit  river,  the 
largest  river  emptying  into  Puget  Sound,  which  is  navigable  for 
sixty  miles.  The  extensive  tide  marsh  lands  on  the  delta  of  the 
Skagit,  the  Swinomish  flats,  on  the  Samish  river  and  its  valley,  and 
in  Beaver  marsh,  a  large  part  of  which  has  been  reclaimed  by  dyk- 
ing, are  its  most  productive  lands.  Nearly  all  of  the  tide  marshes 
and  thousands  of  acres  of  other  lands  are  protected  from  overflow 
by  dykes  and  levees.  These  dyked  lands  produce  heavy  crops  of 
hay,  oats  and  hops,  fruits  and  vegetables.  The  county  is  heavily 
timbered  back  to  the  mountains.  Coal  suitable  for  cokins  is  in 
abundance.  Extensive  deposits  of  iron  are  found  in  several  local- 
ities. Fire  clay  exists  in  large  quantities.  In  the  Cascade  mount- 
ains, in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  gold,  silver  and  lead  mines 
are  numerous,  and  are  being  developed  rapidly.  On  the  upper 
tributaries  of  the  Skagit  river  placer  mines  are  being  operated  with 
success.  Ledges  of  copper  have  been  discovered  on  Guemes  Island. 
Marble  is  found  in  immense  quantities  on  Marble  creek.  At  Baker 
river  and  Sauk  mountain  are  large  quantities  of  lime.  Numerous 
ledges  of  asbestos  have  been  discovered  in  this  county.  Good  pot- 
tery clay  exists  in  immense  beds  within  a  few  miles  of  Mount 
Vernon. 

Large  quantities  of  oysters  are  shipped  from  the  Samish  oyster 
beds.  Lumbering  is  the  great  industry,  Skagit  county  having 
thirty  saw  mills,  with  an  annual  output  of  51,255,000  feet;  and 
twenty-five  shingle  mills,  with  an  output  of  233,000,000  shingles 
yearly. 

The  Skagit  river  has  numerous  small  tributaries,  which  have  more 
or  less  excellent  bottom  lands,  and  which  are  in  some  cases  used  to 
great  advantage  in  floating  logs  and  lumber  to  market. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track : $5,534,653  00 

Personal  property 821,325  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 76,074  00 


', 


BESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  53 

Railroad  track  —  Seattle  ct  Montana,  lU  miles 
main  track,  and  2  miles  1,760  feet  side  track; 
Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern,  28  miles  3,696 
feet  main  track,  and  2  miles  2,886  feet  side 
track;  Seattle  ^t  Northern,  86  miles  main 
track,  and  2  miles  side  track;  Fairhaven  & 
Southern,  18  miles  3,960  feet  main  track,  and 
5  miles  1,267  feet  side  track;  Fidalgo  City  & 
Anacortes,  11  miles  881  feet;  Wm.  Knight  &: 
Co.  (logging),  3  miles  250  feet;  unknown,  2 

miles  1,320  feet 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

"  sheep 

"  hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Improvements  on  lauds  held  under  United  States, 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"  "       houses 

children,  census  1893 

enrolled,  1893 

Average  daily  attendance 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  teachers  1893 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female 


$630,928  00 

2,649 

105,960  00 

5,831 

99,127  00 

1,150 

2,300  00 

1,260 

4,410  00 

981 

27,123  00 

20,555  00 

59 

59 

3,000 

2,442 

1.665 

160,503  00 

112 

54  02 

52  67 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 292,575 

Number  of  acres  improved 28,968        

standing  timber 596,890        

feet  standing  timber 15,817,585,000    11,863,000  00 

County  Seat. 
Mount  Vernon  is  the  county  seat  of  Skagit  county,  situate  on  the 
Skagit  river  seven  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  on  the  line  of  the 
Great  Northern  Railroad.      Population,  1,500. 


SKAMANIA  COUNTY 


Skamania  county  was  organized  March  9,  1854,  and  has  an  area 
of  1,678  square  miles.  Population,  835.  Traversed  by  the  Cascade 
range,  the  limited  area  for  settlement  immediately  borders  on  the 


54  RESOURCES  OF  TEE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

Columbia  river.  In  this  county  are  the  falls  of  the  Columbia 
river.  Around  the  rapids  and  falls  was  constructed  the  first  rail- 
road west  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  by  the  Oregon  Steam  Naviga- 
tion Company,  to  open  communication  between  Portland  and  the 
interior.  The  principal  product  is  lumber  and  the  chief  natural 
resource  is  timber.  This  county  has  two  saw  mills,  with  an  an- 
nual output  of  450,000  feet  of  lumber. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property  except  railroad  track 215,263  00 

Personal  property 98,495  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 6,310  00 

Railroad  track — Cascade  Railroad,  6  miles 21,000  00 

Number  of  horses 245  8,755  00 

cattle 1,004  17,068  00 

sheep 90  180  00 

hogs 359  907  00 

wagons  and  carriages 94  1,747  00 

Improvements  on  lands  held  under  United  States,     14,987  00 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 11        

"  "       houses 5        

Total  school  property 1,597  00 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 323        

children  enrolled  during  3'ear 187        

Average  daily  attendance 146        

Number  of  teachers  employed 11        

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 28  33 

female ^    28  28 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots  39,404        

Number  of  acres  improved  land 1,691        

Acres  timber 750,615        

Number  of  feet  standing  18,765,375,000  7,506,150  00 

County  Seat. 
Cascades  is  the  county  seat  of  Skamania  county,  on  the  Columbia 
river,  thirty-six  miles  from  Vancouver.      Population,  164. 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON.  55 

SNOHOMISH  COUNTY. 


Snohomish  county  was  established  January  14,  186 1,  and  has  au 
area  of  1,600  square  miles.  Population,  1892  census,  14,760. 
About  two-thirds  of  this  county  is  mountainous,  which  portion  is 
heavily  timbered,  and  abounds  in  deposits  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
iron,  coal,  marble,  granite  and  sandstone.  The  western  portion, 
bordering  on  Puget  Sound,  is  margined  by  tide  flats,  expanding 
into  vast  deltas  at  the  mouths  of  the  Snohomish  and  Stilaguamish 
rivers.  These  lands  have  been  dyked,  and  the  yield  of  wheat, 
barley  and  oats  is  enormous.  The  dyked  river  bottom  land  pro- 
duces heavy  crops  of  hay,  oats  and  hops.  Placer  gold  is  found  in 
nearly  every  stream  of  the  county.  The  Sultan  river  placers  have 
been  worked  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  with  good  results. 
The  Monte  Cristo  mining  district  is  near  the  summit  of  the  Cas- 
cade range,  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Sauk  river.  In  this  district 
the  lodes  are  found  near  the  summit;  the  ore  is  of  low  grade,  but 
in  exhaustless  quantity.  The  ore  is  galena,  with  pyrites,  silver, 
carrying  gold.  Logging  and  lumbering  are  among  the  leading  in- 
dustries, there  being  fifteen  saw  mills  and  thirty  shingle  mills  in 
the  county.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Snohomish  river  is  located  the 
city  of  Everett,  where  large  manufacturing  industries  are  in  opera- 
tion. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $7,872,019  00 

Personal  property 1,463,954  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 194,907  00 

Railroad  track  —  Seattle  ct  Montana,  44  miles 
1,953  feet  main  track,  and  3  miles  1,114  feet 
side  track;  Great  Northern,  40  miles  3,006 
feet  main  track,  and  2  miles  3,854  feet  side 
track;  Everett  »fe  Monte  Cristo,  11  miles  2,600 
feet;  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern,  42  miles 
3,168  feet  main  track,  and  5  miles  1,410  feet 
side  track;  Everett  &  Monte  Cristo  (unfin- 
ished), 43  miles  3,640  feet.. 796,554  00 

Number  of  horses 2,199  87,960  00 

cattle , 5,004  85,068  00 

sheep 2,269  4,538  00 

hogs 733  2,566  00 

wagons  and  carriages 669  17,433  00 


56    RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States $56,694  00 

Steamboats,  sailing  vessels,  etc 28,739  00 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 66 

houses 65        

Total  school  property 183,460  00 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 4,512 

"        children  enrolled  during  year 3,088 

Average  daily  attendance 2,121 

Number  of  teachers  employed 126 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 52  72 

female 47  33 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 364,479 

improved  land 15,568 

"      timber 900,000        

Number  of  feet  standing  timber 25,200,000.000    20,160.000  00 

County  Seat. 
Snohomish  city  is  the  county  seat  of  Snohomish  county,  situate 
on  the  Snohomish  river  eleven  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  on  the 
line  of  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern  Railroad.      Population, 

2,469;  assessed  valuation,  $2,250,000. 


SPOKANE  COUNTY 


Spokane  county  was  organized  October  30,  1819.  It  lies  on  the 
east  border  of  the  state,  about  midway  of  the  north  and  south  line, 
and  has  an  area  of  1,104,920  acres.  It  is  the  eastern  doorway  of 
the  state,  as  through  it  two  transcontinental  railroads,  the  Northern 
Pacific  and  the  Great  Northern,  enter  the  state,  and  another,  the 
Union  Pacific,  here  finds  its  northwest  or  Washington  terminus. 

Timber. 
It  is  a  county  of  great  and  diversified  resources.  The  northern 
and  central  portions  are  covered  with  a. scattered  growth  of  timber 
with  prairies  and  open  valleys  here  and  there  which  are  adapted  to 
agriculture  and  fruit  growing,  poultry  and  dairying  of  the  highest 
class.  This  interspersion  of  timber  and  prairie  is  not  only  most  con- 
venient in  the  supply  of  wood  and  lumber  near  at  hand,  but  it  serves 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  57 

the  purpose  of  shelter  to  orchards  and  farms.  The  sontli  end  of  the 
county  is  largely  prairie,  and  here  are  to  be  found  great  wheat 
fields,  the  soil  being  especially  adapted  to  the  production  of  this 
and  other  cereals.  This  prairie  region,  however,  has  strips  of  tim- 
ber running  through  it  and  on  its  borders,  so  that  no  settler  has  far 
to  go  for  his  wood  supply. 

Soils. 

The  soils  of  the  county  vary  with  the  different  locations.  In  the 
wooded  portions  it  is  generally  light  and  sandy,  well  adapted  to 
vegetables  and  fruits.  The  valley  of  the  Spokane  is  covered  with  a 
black,  rich  soil,  spotted  with  gravel,  and  is  different  from  anything 
else  in  the  county.  This  soil  is  very  rich  and  much  of  it  is  being 
successfully  cultivated,  but  the  presence  of  the  gravel  causes  it  to 
dry  out  quickly  when  the  heat  of  summer  comes,  and  in  order  to 
make  it  fully  productive  it  should  be  irrigated,  which  can  be  easily 
accomplished  by  the  use  of  w^ater  from  the  river.  The  valley  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  pieces  of  country  in  the  United  States. 
In  the  prairie  district,  where  are  the  great  grain  fields,  the  soil  is 
deep,  loose,  and  of  a  dark  color.  It  contains  a  considerable  amount 
of  volcanic  ash  which  gives  it  its  forcible  character  as  well  as  its 
great  durability.  In  this  soil  are  produced  the  highest  grain  aver- 
ages, without  irrigation,  in  the  United  States,  as  can  be  seen  by  a 
reference  to  the  reports  of  the  department  of  agriculture.  The  sur- 
face of  the  country  is  gently  rolling,  and  has  a  clay  sub-soil. 

Products. 
About  225,000  acres  of  the  county  are  in  cultivation,  the  agricult- 
ural products  being  wheat,  oats,  barley,  rye,  hops  and  hay.  About 
1,200,000  bushels  of  wheat  were  grown  in  1893,  and  about  300,000 
bushels  of  oats.  The  average  yield  of  wheat  is  20  bushels  per  acre. 
Careful  farmers  can  depend  on  30  bushels  per  acre  one  year  with 
another,  no  fertilizers  being  required.  Oats  run  from  40  to  80 
bushels  per  acre  and  barley  from  30  to  70  bushels  per  acre.  Nearly 
all  kinds  of  vegetables  grow  to  the  greatest  perfection.  Potatoes 
yield  prodigiously  both  in  size  and  quantity. 

Fruits. 

Fruit  is  one  of  the  great  staple  products  of  the  county.      All 

small  fruits  flourish  wonderfully,  while  the  standard  varieties  of 

apples,  pears,  prunes  and   cherries   are   grown   with   great   profit. 

About  30,000  prune  trees^  were  put  in  during  the  spring  of  1894, 


58  RESOURCES  OF  TEE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

and  some  apple  orchards  of  150  acres  in  extent.  The  growing  of 
fruit  is  perhaps  the  most  profitable  industry  of  the  county.  The 
crop  is  almost  a  certainty  every  year;  quality  of  the  fruit  of  the 
finest,  and  the  market  good  both  at  home  and  in  neighboring  states. 

Markets  and  Yield. 
Spokane  county  has  near  at  hand  a  number  of  extensive  mining 
districts,  in  which  can  be  sold  her  surplus  fruit  crop  at  excellent 
prices..  Prune  trees  generally  yield  ^3.00  worth  of  fruit  each  year. 
Apples  $2.00  to  13.00  each.  Cherry  and  pear  trees  1.5.00  each. 
Apple  trees  come  into  bearing  in  three  or  four  years,  pear  trees  in 
five  years,  cherry  trees  in  three  years,  and  prune  trees  in  three 
years.  Irrigation  is  not  necessary,  except  as  auxiliary,  as  the  rain 
fall  of  the  county  is  fully  twenty  inches  per  annum. 

Railroads. 

Three  transcontinental  railroads,  the  Northern  Pacific,  the  Great 
Northern  and  the  Union  Pacific,  run  through  the  county.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  great  lines,  it  has  the  Spokane  &  Palouse,  the  Spokane 
&  Northern,  the  Central  Washington,  and  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore 
&  Eastern.  Thus  the  county  is  possessed  of  a  veritable  network 
of  railroads,  no  portion  of  it  being  far  removed  from  one  or  more 
lines.  The  total  railroad  mileage  of  the  county  is  226  miles.  All 
this  mileage  has  been  laid  down  since  1882. 


"o^ 


Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $31,170,955  00 

Personal  property 4,138,420  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 231,795  00 

Railroad  track — Northern  Pacific,  48  miles  4,224 

feet  main  track,  and  9  miles  4,224  feet  side 

track;  Central  Washington,   23  miles  3,168 

feet  main  track,  andl  mile  90  feet  side  track; 

Spokane  &  Palouse,  25  miles  main  track,  and 

4,275  feet  side  track;  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  A: 

Eastern,  25  miles  1,637  feet  main  track,  and 

1  mile  387  feet  side  track;  Oregon  Railway  & 

Navigation, 44  miles  2,060  feet  main  track,  and 
,3  miles  1,530  feet  side  track;  Great  Northern, 

55  miles  4,224  feet  main  track,  and  2  miles  4,- 

329  feet  side  track 1,387,826  00 

Number  of  horses 12,.535         413,655  00 

cattle  11,842         153,946  00 

sheep 228  476  00 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  59 

Number  of  hogs 3.594  $9,079  00 

"           wagons  and  carriages 3,891  115,275  00 

Telegraph,  telephone  and  electric  lines 140,600  00 

Cable,  horse,  motor  and  electric  railways 63,305  00 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 55,525  00 

Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 117 

houses 123        

Total  school  property 566,489  00 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 10,313        

Number  of  children  enrolled  during  year 7,554        ....* 

Average  daily  attendance 4,543        

Number  of  teachers  employed 364        

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 57  68 

.  "              "                    "               female 47  33 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 1,006,159  

Number  acres  improved  land 235,704        


County  Seat. 
Spokane,  the  county  seat,  is  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Spokane 
river,  and  is  on  the  main  lines  of  both  the  Northern  Pacific  and 
Great  Northern  Railroads.     Six  lines  of  railroad  concentrate  at  this 
point.      It  has  a  population,  state  census  1892,  of  24,000. 


STEVENS  COUNTY. 


Established  January  19,  1864.  County  seat,  Colville.  Perhaps 
there  is  no  other  portion  of  the  State  of  Washington  that  presents, 
as  an  inducement  to  enterprise,  a  greater  diversity  of  natural  re- 
sources than  does  the  county  of  Stevens.  The  county  comprises 
an  area  of  about  2,000,000  acres  of  land,  and  is  situated  in  the  ex- 
treme northeastern  portion  or  the  state.  Within  the  boundaries  of 
the  county  is  included  two  Indian  reservations  —  the  Colville  and 
the  Spokane.  The  Colville  reservation  is  embraced  in  that  portion 
of  the  county  lying  west  of  the  Columbia  river,  which  flows  trans- 
versely across  the  county  from  northeast  to  southwest,  and,  when 
opened  to  white  settlers,  will  add  about  1,000,000  acres  to  the  area 
already  mentioned,  making  Stevens  county  cover  an  area  of  about 


60  RESOURCES  OF'TEE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

3,000,000  acres.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  broken  by  low- 
mountain  chains,  which  cut  the  country  up  into  valleys  and  up- 
lands. The  Colville  valley,  which  was  almost  the  first  of  the  set- 
tled portions  of  the  state,  dating  as  far  back  as  1832,  when  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company  first  located  trading  posts  near  the  present 
town  of  Marcus,  is  famous  for  its  hay  products.  The  uplands 
comprise  a  large  area  of  the  county,  adapted  for  the  raising  of 
grain,  gardens  and  fruit,  and  the  mountains  are  richly  charged 
with  large  deposits  of  silver  and  lead. 

It  may  also  be  said  that  the  great  extent  of  mountain  slopes  will 
afford  a  perpetual  range  for  stock,  and  the  mild  and  equable  climate 
adapts  the  country  to  the  business  of  dairying.  In  fact  dairying 
can  be  made  the  most  profitable  of  all  enterprises. 

Along  the  Columbia  river,  in  the  western  portion  of  the  county, 
is  a  section  of  country  bordering  on  the  Columbia  river,  sloping  to 
the  west  and  south.  This  belt  of  land  is  about  ten  miles  wide  by 
nearly  eighty  miles  in  length.  The  mean  altitude  of  these  lands  is 
about  1,000  feet  above  sea  level.  It  is  well  watered  by  the  tim- 
bered mountains  in  the  background,  and  has  a  climate  that  will 
admit  of  the  grownng  of  almost  every  variety  of  fruit.  In  this  sec- 
tion are  some  of  the  finest  orchards  in  the  state. 

The  Old  Dominion  Mine,  which  was  the  first  discovery  of  any 
importance  in  the  state,  was  discovered  in  the  spring  of  1885.  It 
has  produced  nearly  a  million  of  dollars  in  silver  and  lead,  and  not 
a  dollar  of  capital  has  ever  been  expended  upon  the  property  that 
has  not  been  returned  two  fold  to  the  owners.  At  Chewelah,  the 
Eagle  Mines  have  produced  thousands  of  dollars  in  lead  and  silver, 
paying  their  way  from  the  start.  Around  the  town  of  Colville  is 
a  large  section  of  country  that  has  been  prospected  with  much  suc- 
cess. 

Metaline  is  situated  in  the  extreme  northeastern  portion  of  the 
county  and  promises  to  become  a  very  prosperous  mining  center. 
At  Boundary  City  and  the  town  of  Northport,  in  the  northern  por- 
tion of  the  county,  are  situated  some  of  the  most  extensive  placer 
mining  bars  on  the  coast.  Great  deposits  of  marble,  slate  and 
onyx  are  also  being  developed.  Springdale  is  the  center  of  the 
lime  producing  territory,  and  is  a  prosperous  town. 

Timber. 
The  whole  of  Stevens  county  is  more  or  less  timbered  with  pine, 
fir,  tamarack  and  spruce,  and  as  a  lumbering  region  it  will  hold  its 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  61 

own  with  any  portion  of  the  inland  empire.  Large  mills  are  now 
in  operation  at  Northport,  Kettle  Falls,  Colville,  Chewelah,  Spring- 
dale,  Loon  Lake,  and  at  Meyers  Falls. 

Railroads. 
There  are  110  miles  of  the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern  Railway 
and  fifteen  miles  of  the  Great  Northern  Railway  in  the  county. 

Crops,  Schools,  Etc. 

The  great  mining  regions  of  British  Columbia  look  to  Stevens 
county  for  their  country  produce,  and  the  consequence  is  that  good 
prices  for  all  farm  products  prevail. 

The  public  school  system  of  the  county  has  been  graded  up  to  a 
high  standard. 

The  grain  products  of  the  county  comprise  wheat,  oats,  barley, 
rye  and  corn. 

Stevens  county  has  four  tiouriug  mills  and  nine  saw  mills. 

At  the  town  of  Clayton,  on  the  line  of  the  Spokane  Falls  &, 
Northern  Railway,  near  the  boundary  line  between  Spokane  and 
Stevens  counties,  is  being  developed  a  great  bed  of  kaolin.  There 
is  also  being  established  a  plant  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain 
ware.  The  tests  have  proved  very  satisfactory,  and  half  a  million 
dollars  will  be  put  into  machinery  at  once. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track $1,189,581  00 

Personal  property 480,414  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 64,158  00 

Railroad  track  —  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern,  97* 
miles  4,272  feet  main  ti'ack,  and  4  miles  3,168 
feet  side  track;  Great  Northern,  14  miles 
3,649   feet  main   track,   and   3,696   feet  side 

track 577,692  00 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 74,095  00 

Telegraph,  telephone  and  electric  lines 11,737  00 

Number  of  horses 4,582  119,132  00 

cattle 9,209  110,508  00 

sheep 399  798  00 

hogs 1,599  5,597  00 

wagons  and  carriages 1,001  26,053  00 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 62 

houses : 37 

*  There  are  now  110  miles  of  this  road  in  Stevens  county. 


62    RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

Total  school  property 

Number  school  children,  census  1893 

"       children  enrolled  during  year 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teachers  employed 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female 


Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable  land,  exclusive  of  town  lots 

impx'oved  laud .• 


$25, 

037  00 

2,135 

1,557 

1,040 

52 

51  79 

46  34 

216,377 

14,089 

County  Seat. 
Colville  is  the  county  seat  of  Stevens  county,  and  the  center  of  a 
rich  mining  district;  is  situated  on  the  Colville  river  fifteen  miles 
from    its    junction    with    the    Columbia   river.      Population,    900. 


THURSTON  COUNTY. 


Thurston  county  was  established  by  the  Oregon  legislature  Jan- 
uary 12,  1852,  and  has  an  area  of  700  square  miles;  population,  state 
census  1892,  12,525.  Within  the  limits  of  the  county  as  now  pre- 
scribed, the  first  American  settlement  in  the  Puget  Sound  country 
was  made,  in  October,  1845.  The  settlement  was  made  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  falls  of  the  Des  Chutes  river,  where  Tumwater  now 
is,  and  was  made  by  Col.  Michael  T.  Simmons.  The  first  house 
was  built  at  the  edge  of  Bush  prairie,  about  two  miles  south  of  the 
falls,  on  the  claim  taken  by  David  Kindred,  one  of  the  party.  The 
county  lies  at  the  head  of  Puget  Sound,  its  coast  line  being  broken 
by  Budd's  Inlet,  Mud  Bay,  South  Bay  and  other  inlets.  The  gen- 
eral surface  is  heavily  timbered,  but  there  are  many  intervals  of 
rich  bottom  land,  prairie  and  other  open  land,  the  latter  being  well 
adapted  to  stock  raising.  Wheat,  oats,  barley,  hops  and  hay  are 
raised  in  abundance.  All  garden  vegetables  yield  profusely.  Fruits 
of  all  kinds  —  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  prunes  and  cherries, 
as  well  as  the  smaller  fruits  and  berries- — are  grown  very  success- 
fully. The  chief  industries  are  logging  and  lumbering.  The  tim- 
ber consists  of  fir,  cedar,  larch,  alder,  oak,  maple  and  ash.  Coal 
is  found  in  large  deposits  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  where 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  63 

coal  mining  is  profitably  pursued.  At  Tenino,  the  junction  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  and  Port  Townsend  Southern  Railroads,  immense 
quarries  of  superior  building  stone  are  found.  At  Plum  Station, 
on  the  Port  Townsend  Southern,  and  about  eight  miles  from  Olym- 
pia,  are  found  other  quarries  of  good  stone.  The  oyster  beds  on  the 
inlets  near  Olympia,  with  their  abundant  supply,  as  also  the  clams, 
have  become  famous.  The  acreage  of  transplanted  so-called  Olym- 
pia oysters  amounts  to  200. 

Thurston  county  has  seven  saw  mills,  with  a  capacity  of  .50,000,- 
000  feet  of  lumber  yearly;  twelve  shingle  mills  with  a  capacity  of 
160,000,000  shingles  yearly. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  exclusive  of  railroad  track $7,210,644  00 

Personal  property 795,499  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 71,605  00 

Railroad  track  —  Portland  ctPuget  Sound  (grade), 

20  miles;  Puget  Sound  &  Chehalis,  2  miles 

2,640  feet;  Port  Townsend  Southern,  15  miles 

2,640   feet   main   track,  and   2,640   feet   side 

track;  Northern  Pacific,  24  miles  1,584  feet 

main  track,  and  3  miles  2,121  feet  side  track; 

Tacoma,  Olympia  &  Gray's  Harbor,  41  miles 

2,640  feet  main  track,  and  3  miles  3,696  feet 

side  track 471,045  00 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 30,735  00 

Telegraph  and  telephone  lines 16,470  00 

Cable,  horse,  motor  and  electric  railways 9,625  00 

Steamboats,  etc... 14,270  00 

Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 58        

"       houses 58        

Total  school  property 143,992  00 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 3,408        

"  "  "  enrolled  during  year,  2,360        

Average  daily  attendance 1,627 

Number  of  teachers  employed 105        

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 49  38 

female 39  67 

Other  Statistics. 

Number  of  acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots..       353,653        

"  "      improved 5,186        

"      timber 321,000         

feet  standing  timber 8,346,000,000  6,259,500  00 


64  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 

County  Seat. 
Olympia,  the  county  seat  of  Thurston  county  and  the  capital  of 
the  State  of  Washington,  is  situated  on  Budd's  Inlet,  the  extreme 
head  of  Puget  Sound,     Population,   5,400.      Assessed  valuation, 
1893,   $3,437,096. 


WAHKIAKUM   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  organized  April  25,  1854,  and  has  a  population 
of  2,T61.  It  has  an  area  of  274  square  miles,  and  thirty  miles 
water  frontage  on  the  Columbia  river.  The  county  is  very  produc- 
tive, being  chiefly  rich  bottom  and  tide  lands.  Puget  Island,  con- 
taining several  thousand  acres  of  rich  tide  land  lying  north  of  the  ship 
channel  of  the  Columbia  river,  is  also  included  in  this  county.  The 
farm  products  of  the  county  are  chiefly  hay,  vegetables,  butter,  beef 
and  pork.  Hops  do  well,  but  as  yet  little  has  been  done  to  develop 
this  industry.  The  farming  is  mostly  done  in  the  valleys  of  Deep 
river,  Gray's  river,  Skamokawa,  Elocoman  and  Crooked  creeks,  and 
on  Puget  Island.  The  upland  is  covered  by  dense  forests  of  valu- 
able timber,  consisting  of  yellow  fir,  larch,  cedar,  spruce  and  hem- 
lock; the  size  of  the  timber  is  expressed  by  the  name  of  the  county, 
"Wahkiakum,"  an  Indian  word  meaning  "large,  tall  trees."  Its 
present  transportation  facilities  are  entirely  by  water,  and  consists  of 
three  independent  lines  of  steamers.  The  annual  export  of  manu- 
factured lumber  is  10,000,000  feet;  of  beef  cattle,  1,000  head;  of 
hogs,  1,500;  of  butter,  80,000  pounds.  This  county  has  four  saw 
mills;  also  seven  fish  canneries,  which  can  about  100,000  cases  of 
salmon  yearly,  with  an  estimated  value  of  1600,000, 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property $636,640  00 

Personal  property 111,880  00 

Number  of  horses 263  9,205  00 

cattle 2,006  34.102  00 

sheep : 352  704  00 

hogs 507  1,775  00 

"           wagons  and  carriages 82  1,446  00 

Steamboats,  etc 19,845  00 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States 7,770  00 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  65 


Schools. 

Numbei"  of  school  districts 21        

houses 21        

Total  school  property $10,191  00 

Number  of  school  children,  census,  1893 828        

Number  of  school  children  enrolled  during  year..  543        

Average  daily  attendance 384 

Number  of  teachers  employed 23        

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 43  64 

female 40  84 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 100,190        

Number  acres  improved  land 2,685        

Acres  of  timber 102,840        

Number  of  feet  standing  timber 2,180,208,000  1,635.156  00 

County  Seat. 
Catblamet  is  the  county  seat,  situated  on  the  bank  of  the  Colum- 
bia river.      Large  canning  works  are  established  here.     Population, 

600. 


WALLA  WALLA  COUNTY 


This  county  was  established  April  25,  1854.  It  has  an  area  of 
2,000  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  12,6'71.  Walla  Walla 
county  has  three  distinct  classes  of  lands,  viz. :  The  low-lying, 
sandy  plains  along  the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers;  the  elevated 
plateaus  between  the  Snake  river  and  the  Walla  Walla  valley,  em- 
bracing the  Eureka  Flats,  and  the  valleys  of  the  Walla  Walla  river 
and  its  tributaries.  The  first  mentioned  lands  are  of  little  value 
without  irrigation,  but  a  vast  quantity  of  them  have  been  reclaimed 
and  are  among  the  finest  fruit  lands  in  the  state.  The  plateaus  are 
extensive,  covering  about  one-third  of  the  area  of  the  county,  and 
are  well  farmed.  The  soil  is  light  and  sandy.  The  valley  lands 
are  almost  one  continuous  grain  field,  interspersed  with  orchards. 

Productions. 
Wheat  is  a  great  agricultural  staple.  Barley,  oats  and  flax  are  ex- 
tensively raised.  Timothy  and  alfalfa  are  important  crops,  also 
corn  and  rye.  Along  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers, 
and  in  the  Walla  Walla  valley  itself,  irrigation  is  rapidly  trans- 
forming what  was  once  considered  desert  lands  into  orchard,  gar- 
—5 


66  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

dens  and  meadows.  On  non-irrigated  lands  potatoes  and  kindred 
vegetables  are  yielding  immense  returns,  but  on  irrigated  lands 
melons  and  similar  products  are  the  favorites.  There  are  over  250 
miles  of  railroad  in  the  county,  and  all  cultivated  areas  are  within 
easy  distances  of  railroad  stations. 

Walla  Walla  county  has  three  saw  mills,  with  an  annual  output 
of  y,  500, 000  feet  of  lumber;  five  flouring  mills,  two  planing  mills, 
two  sash  and  door  factories,  one  iron  foundry,  one  tannery  and  one 
manufactory  of  agricultural  implements. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  exclusive  of  railroad  track $8,293,856  00 

Personal  property 2,514,655  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 111,524  00 

Railroad  track  —  Northern  Pacific,  11  miles  4,752 
feet  main  track,  and  1  mile  4,199  feet  side 
track;  Oregon  Railway  &  Navigation, 74  miles 
4,646  feet  main  track,  and  13  miles  3,062  feet 
side  track;  Oregon  Railway  &  Navigation 
(narrow  gauge),  13  miles  2,112  feet;  Wash- 
ington &  Columbia  River,  109  miles  1,056  feet 
main  track,  and  8  miles  4,495  feet  side  track.. 
Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States.. 

Number  of  horses 

"  cattle 

"  sheep 

"  hogs 

wagons  and  carriages 

Telegraph  and  telephone  lines 

Cable,  horse  and  motor  lines 

Schools. 
Number  of  school  districts 

"  "       houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 

enrolled  during  year.. 

Average  daily  attendance 

Number  of  teacliers  employed 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 56  84 

female 46  10 

Other  Statistics. 

Number  of  acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots..       580,175  

"      improved 260,509  

"      timber 108,160  

feet  standing  timber 919,360,000  919,360  00 


1,116,546  00 

8,890  00 

11,241 
7,985 

37,956 
3,928 
1,985 

337,230  00 
103,805  00 
75,912  00 
13,748  00 
61,040  00 
38,430  00 

7,000  00 

54 

53 

172,'455  00 

3,876 

3,391 

1,851 

94 

RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  67 

County  Seat. 
Walla  Walla  is  the  county  seat,  and  is  located  at  the  junction  of 
two  lines  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway.     The  state  penitentiary  is 
located  at  this  place.      It  has  a  population  of  5,000. 


WHATCOM   COUNTY. 

Whatcom  county  was  established  March  9,  1852.  It  has  an 
area  of  2,000  square  miles.      Population,  16,504. 

Soil. 

The  soil  of  the  western  or  agricultural  portion  is  extremely 
spotted.  Every  section  and  many  smaller  tracts  have  from  two  to 
half  a  dozen  distinct  varieties  of  soil.  There  is  the  greatest  area, 
perhaps,  of  the  light  sandy  loam  of  the  cedar  and  fir  belts,  unex- 
celled for  fruit  and  good  for  any  crop  grown  in  this  climate.  Dot- 
ted over  the  county  in  spots  and  belts  are  marshes,  or  peat  bogs, 
the  largest  just  north  of  Lynden,  having  an  area  of  ten  thousand 
acres.  Such  land  has  only  a  light  growth  of  brush  which  usually 
burns  with  the  turf  after  the  land  has  been  drained.  From  this 
soil  yields  of  two  and  one-half  to  three  and  one-half  tons  of  timothy 
hay  to  the  acre  are  common,  and  turnips,  cabbage  and  onions  find 
all  the  elements  necessary  to  give  them  their  greatest  perfection. 

Along  the  courses  of  many  creeks  the  soil  is  a  mixture  of  sedi- 
ment and  vegetable  mold.  Such  soil  may  be  cropped  indefinitely 
without  showing  any  indication  of  impoverishment.  The  river 
bottom,  however,  is  the  best  "all-round"  soil.  It  is  acknowledged 
to  lead  in  the  production  of  hay,  hops  and  most  garden  vegetables. 
Hops  are  becoming  a  staple  product.  The  quality  of  the  upland 
hop  is  equal  to  any;  the  size  of  that  produced  on  peat  land  is  re- 
markable, but  for  both  size  and  quality  the  river  bottom  holds  the 
record.      Growers  report  from  1,200  to  2,000  pounds  to  the  acre. 

Fruit. 
There  are  also  clay  soils  and  every  gradation  between  those 
which  are  already  described.  Fruit  is  entitled  to  an  honorable 
place  among  the  county's  resources.  Apples  never  fail.  English 
Russet,  King,  Spy  and  Gravenstein  are  among  the  favorite  stand- 
ard varieties.      Peaches  are  an  uncertain  crop  but  often  yield  well. 


68  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

Size  and  quality  are  good.      Pears  reach  the  greatest  perfection  in 

size  and  flavor.     This  is  the  natural  home  of  the  plum  and  prune. 

No  serious  damage  has  been  done  these  trees  yet  by  insects.     They 

begin  bearing  young  and  do  not  depart  from  that  custom  as  they 

grow  older.      The  cherries  challenge  the  world  for  size,  quality  and 

yield. 

Minerals. 

The  mineral  deposits  of  the  county,  so  far  as  discovered,  are  iron, 

coal,  asbestos,  gold,  silver,  sandstone,  limestone,  quartz,  potters' 

clay,  fire  clay,  brick  clay  and  granite. 

FiSHEKIES. 

The  salmon  fisheries  and  canning  business  is  being  carried  on  on 
a  large  scale  in  the  Gulf,  at  Drayton  Harbor  and  Point  Roberts,  a 
short  distance  from  Blaine.  Nearly  100,000  cases  of  the  sockeye 
salmon  were  packed  at  this  point  in  1893,  besides  a  large  business 
done  in  shipping  fresh  fish  of  the  various  kinds.  The  capacity  for 
carrying  on  this  industry  is  being  largely  increased  this  year. 

There  are  at  present  in  the  county  2*7,641  acres  cleared  and  under 
cultivation,  with  2,594  acres  planted  to  fruit. 

The  county  has  18, 5^4  acres  of  school  land  inside  the  survey  that 
has  not  yet  been  offered  for  sale. 

The  state  holds  6,924  acres  selected  under  the  scientific  school 
land  grant. 

The  Lummi  Indian  reservation  contains  12,653  acres,  of  which 
about  10,500  acres  may  be  classed  as  agricultural  land. 

Whatcom  county  has  thirteen  saw  mills,  with  an  annual  output 
of  70,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  and  thirty-two  shingle  mills,  which 
will  produce  260,000,000  shingles  yearly. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  exclusive  of  railroad  track $10,719,419  00 

Personal  property 852,116  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 62,447  00 

Railroad  track  —  Bellingham  Bay  &  British  Col- 
umbia, 23  miles  339  feet  main  track,  and  3 
miles  3,265  feet  side  track;  Bellingham  Bay  & 
Eastern,  2  miles  3,506  feet  main  track,  a,nd 
4,120  feet  side  track;  Fairhaven  &  Southern, 
34  miles  55  feet  main  track,  and  6  miles  27 
feet  side  track;  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  East- 
ern, 29  miles  main  track,  and  5,114  feet  side 
track  :....         489,065  00 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  69 


Iniprovements  ou  laud  held  under  United  States  . 

Telephone,  telegraph  and  electric  lines 

Cable,  horse,  motor  and  electric  railways 

Steamboats,  sailing  vessels,  etc 

Number  of  horses 

cattle 

sheep 

"  hogs  

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Schools, 

Number  of  school  districts 

houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 

"  "  "        enrolled  during  year 

Average  dailj'  attendance 

Number  of  teachers  employed 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

female 


Other  Statistics. 

Number  of  acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 
"  "      improved 


$26,495  00 

43,765  00 

24,800  00 

15,560  00 

2,010 
4,578 
3,406 
1.352 
903 

68 

80,400  00 

77,826  00 

6,812  00 

4,732  00 

24,735  00 

75 

4,815 

283,572  00 

3,961 

2,569 
152 

59  40 

52  84 

289,763 

14.589 

County  Seat. 
New  Whatcom  is  the  county  seat  of  Whatcom  county,  and  has  a 
population  of  7,500;  is  a  sub-port  of  entry  for  Puget  Sound. 


WHITMAN  COUNTY 


Whitman  county  was  organized  on  November  29,  1871.  It  has 
an  area  of  2,160  square  miles  and  a  population  of  22,579.  It  lies 
upon  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  state,  bounded  south  by  Snake 
river,  north  by  the  fifth  standard  parallel,  the  Palouse  river  form- 
ing part  of  its  southwestern  and  western  boundary.  Watered  by 
the  Palouse  river  and  its  tributaries,  it  is  commonly  known  as  the 
"Palouse  country."  It  is  composed  of  an  extensive  upland  plateau 
of  rolling  prairies,  the  valleys,  which  are  numerous,  providing 
drainage.  This  land,  in  its  natural  state,  is  entirely  covered  with 
bunch  grass,  and  under  cultivation  it  produces  all  the  grasses  and 
cereals. 


70 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 


Products. 

Its  largest  production  is  wheat.  Oats,  barley  and  hay  are 
very  successfully  raised.  Potatoes,  beets,  carrots,  turnips  and 
other  garden  vegetables  yield  abundantly.  Stock  raising  in  the 
western  and  southern  parts  of  the  county  is  an  important  and  prof- 
itable industry.  Wool  growing  is  largely  followed.  The  raising 
of  hogs  is  a  profitable  industry  in  this  section.  The  northern  por- 
tion of  the  county  is  extensively  covered  with  timber  —  pine,  fir, 
cedar  and  tamarack.  The  fruit  productions  are  limited  to  the 
hardier  varieties  —  apples,  pears,  plums  and  berries  —  except  along 
the  banks  of  the  Snake  river,  where  peaches  and  grapes  are  suc- 
cessfully produced  in  large  quantities.  There  are  twelve  flouring 
mills  in  successful  operation  in  this  county;  nine  saw  mills,  two 
shingle  mills  and  a  paper  mill.  The  Washington  State  Agricultural 
College  and  School  of  Science  is  located  at  Pullman  in  this  county. 


Taxable  Ppoperty,  1893. 

Real  property,  exclusive  of  railroad  track 

Personal  property 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 

Railroad  track  —  Oregon  Railwaj^  &  Navigation, 
194  miles  4,752  feet  main  track,  and  18  miles 
739  feet  side  track;  Northern  Pacific,  99  miles 
8,168  feet  main  track,  and  8  miles  390  feet 

side  track 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States.. 

Telegraph  and  telephone  lines 

Number  of  horses ., 

cattle 

sheep  

"  hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 

houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1898 

"        enrolled  during  year.. 

Average  daily  attendance .■ 

Number  of  teachers  employed 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male 

"  "  "  female 


Value. 

$13,933,733  00 

3,979,397  00 

211,527  00 

1,530,564  00 

125,522  00 

44,078  00 

31,300  939,000  00 

22,695  295,085  00 

32,496  64,992  00 

8,508  29,778  00 

4,463  148,557  00 


143 
141 


8,413 

6,801 

4,016 

264 


277,352  00 


61  02 
51  68 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  71 

Other  Statistics. 

Number  of  acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots..    1,008, 1G4        

"      improved 727,203        

"      timber 72,000        

feet  slaudiug  timber 683,000,000  $683,000  00 

County  Seat. 

Colfax  is  the  county  seat,  and  is  situated  on  the  Palouse  river, 
on  the  Moscow  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad.  Population 
1,700. 


YAKIMA    COUNTY. 


Yakima  county  was  established  January  21,  1865,  and  has  an 
area  of  5,500  square  miles,  population  6,039.  It  is  crossed  diagon- 
ally from  southeast  to  northwest  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
The  Yakima  Indian  Reservation  is  wholly  within  the  county,  and 
contains  800,000  acres.  There  is  an  immense  amount  of  grazing 
land  in  this  county,  affording  range  for  the  large  herds  of  horses, 
cattle  and  sheep.  The  soil  of  the  hills  and  plains  is  basalt  and 
volcanic  ash.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  nearly  of  a  similar  nature. 
By  the  introduction  of  irrigation  on  an  extensive  scale,  the  grazing 
lands  are  becoming  agricultural  and  produce  large  crops  of  wheat, 
hops,  corn,  tobacco  and  sorghum.  Vegetables  of  all  kinds  yield 
profusely.  Sweet  potatoes  are  cultivated  with  good  results.  Mel- 
ons of  excellent  quality  are  raised  throughout  the  county.  Apples, 
pears,  peaches,  grapes,  plums,  prunes  and  cherries  yield  abundantly. 
The  system  of  irrigation  is  the  notable  feature  of  development  in 
Yakima  county,  and  the  results  already  obtained  are  phenomenal. 
There  are  three  saw  mills,  two  cheese  factories,  one  creamery  and 
one  flouring  mill  in  this  county. 

Taxable  Property,  1893. 

Value. 

Real  property,  except  railroad  track : $3,257,804  00 

Personal  property 930,867  00 

Railroad  rolling  stock  and  personalty 136,931  00 

Railroad  track — Northern  Pacitic,  9  miles  3,168 

feet  main  track,  and  7  miles  1,465  feet  side 

track 543,310  00 


72  RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON. 

Number  of  horses 9,003       $234,078  00 

cattle 

"  sheep 

"  hogs 

"  wagons  and  carriages 

Improvements  on  land  held  under  United  States  . 

Schools. 

Number  of  school  districts 

houses 

Total  school  property 

Number  of  school  children,  census  1893 

"       children  enrolled  during  year.. 

Average  daily  attendance  

Number  of  teachers  employed 

Average  monthly  compensation,  male  61  02 

female 47  68 

Other  Statistics. 

Acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town  lots 910,157        

Number  acres  improved  land  (estimated) 40,000        

Acres  of  timber 800,000        

Number  of  feet  standing 16,000,000.000  9,600,000  00 

County  Seat. 
North  Yakima  is  the  county  seat  of  Yakima  county,  situated  on 
the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  and  the  Yakima  river. 
Population,  United  States  census  1890,  1,532. 


8,091 

72,013 

1,484 

841 

97,092  00 

144,026  00 

5,194  00 

27,866  00 

19,015  00 

33 

31 

67,396  00 

2,226 

1,420 

964 

35 

RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHINGTON.  73 


THE  MILITARY   POAVER  OF  THE  STATE. 


The  military  strength  of  the  state  is  1,750  officers  and  men,  with 
an  organized  force  of  1,350,  and  su])ported  by  special  levy  of  two- 
fifths  of  one  mill  on  the  taxable  property  of  the  state,  made  a 
special  fund  for  that  purpose. 

There  are  twenty-one  companies  of  infantry,  organized  into  two 
regiments,  Avith  one  company  unattached;  and  four  troops  of  cav- 
alry, forming  one  battalion,  with  a  major  commanding.  One  regi- 
ment of  infantry  is  located  on  the  east  side  of  the  mountains  and 
one  on  the  west,  with  the  cavalry  battalion  divided,  the  whole 
forming  one  brigade  commanded  by  a  brigadier  general. 

The  general  headquarters  is  at  Olympia,  the  capital  of  the  state, 
where  all  communications  are  addressed  to  the  adjutant  general, 
who,  in  addition  to  that  office,  in  time  of  peace  is  quartermaster 
general,  commissary  general,  inspector  general,  chief  of  ordnance 
and  chief  of  staff. 


DAIRYING. 


Dairying  in  Washington  is  as  yet  in  its  infancy.  The  rapid 
growth  this  industry  has  made  in  this  state  during  the  last  two 
years  is  surprising.  Two  years  ago  there  were  two  creameries  in 
the  state;  to-day  there  are  sixteen  in  successful  operation,  with  an 
output  during  the  present  year,  according  to  their  own  statements, 
of  over  $300,000. 


74  RESOURCES   OF  TEE  STATE   OF  WASHINGTON. 


RECAPITULATION. 


Real  and  Personal  Property. 
Total  valuation  of  real  property,  exclusive  of 

railroad  track $227,201,096  00 

Total  valuation  of  taxable  personal  property 41,165,560  00 

Live  Stock. 

Total  number  of  horses 171,518  5,192,986  00 

cattle 206,372  2,980,845  00 

sheep 290,021  580,042  00 

hogs 53,487  187,211  00 

Telegraph,  Telephone  and  Electric  Lines. 
Total  value 600,891  00 

Cable,  Horse  and  Electric  Railways. 
Total  value 726,694  00 

Improvements  on  Lands  Held  Under  United  States. 
Total  value ; , 1,459,222  00 

Steamboats,  Sailing  Vessels,  Etc. 
Total  value 1,015,721  00 

Coal. 
Total  number  of  tons  mined  in  1893 1,280,250 

Lands. 
Total  number  acres  taxable,  exclusive  of  town 

lots 13,457,664  

Total  number  acres  improved  land 2,014,472 


Timber. 

Total  number  acres  of  timber  lands 23,588,512 

feet  standing  timber 410,333,335,000 

"      stumpage  value 269,561,329  00 

Schools. 
Total  number  school  districts 1,741 

houses 1,654 

children,  census  1893 112,300 

teachers,  1893 3,086 

value  of  school  property,  1893,  exclusive 

of  school  lands 4,872,710  00 

amount  paid  teachers,  1893 881,048  00 

number  acres  school  land 2,484,480 

minimum  value  school  land 24,844,000  00 

"      approximate  value 39,813,760  00 


I       0  > 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  STATE  iJF'WAhm'MTb'A'^  >'''  75 


Railroads. 


CLASS. 


First  class 

Second  class. 
Third  class... 


Fourth  class. 
Fifth  class 


Aggregate  value  of  rolling 
stock  and  all  railroad  prop- 
erty, as  equalized  by  state 
board 


Totals.. 


Length  of 
main  track. 

Length  of 
side  track. 

Miles. 

Feet. 

Miles. 

Feet. 

2,147 

1,789 

275 

665 

347 

2,147 

24 

1,118 

103 

3,303 

10 

1,240 

107 

2,016 

7 

2,075 

118 

690 

2,823 

4,665 

316 

5,098 

I'aluation 
of  side 
track. 


8587,939 
48,422 
18,422 
10,348 


$665,131 


Vuluatioii 

of  main 

line. 


$11,%8,852 

1,7&5,454 

484,736 

386,203 

118,131 

2,524,870 


817.268,246 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILU   BE  ASSESSED    FOR   FAILURE  TO   RETURN 
THIS    BOOK   ON    THE   DATE   DUE.    THE   PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY    AND    TO     $1.00    ON    THE    SEVENTH     DAY 
OVERDUE. 

RrtACJ  9  1941 

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